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<article lang="en"><title>Form and Function of Case Marking in Kambaata</title><articleinfo><authorblurb><para role="AutorenImTitel">Yvonne Treis</para></authorblurb><abstract lang="de"><para role="AutorenImTitel">Yvonne Treis</para><para role="Abstract"><phrase role="Hervorheben">Zusammenfassung</phrase></para><para role="Body Text">Die kuschitische Sprache Kambaata zeichnet sich durch eine reiche nominale Morphologie aus. So unterscheidet sie acht verschiedene Kasus an Nomina und Pronomina: Akkusativ, Nominativ, Genitiv, Dativ, Ablativ, Instrumental-Komitativ-Perlativ, Lokativ I und II. Kasus wird nicht nur durch (segmentale) Suffixe, sondern auch durch eine bestimmte Position des Wortakzents (suprasegmental) gekennzeichnet. Der erste Teil des Artikels widmet sich diesen formalen Regeln der Kasusbildung und diskutiert im Detail die Deklinationen von Nomina und Eigennamen, die Kasusmarkierung an nominalen Modifikatoren und Personal-, Demonstrativ- und Interrogativpronomen. Adjektive, Zahlwörter und Demonstrative kongruieren mit ihren Kopfnomina in Genus und Kasus, ihr Kasussystem ist jedoch auf die Unterscheidung von Nominativ, Akkusativ und Oblique beschränkt. Der zweite Teil des Artikels thematisiert die grammatischen Funktionen und die Semantik jedes einzelnen Kasus anhand elizitierter Sätze, Daten aus Texten und spontanen Äußerungen. Kasus ist das wichtigste Instrument, um die syntaktischen Abhängigkeiten im Satz zu markieren, da Kambaata keine Adpositionen hat.</para></abstract><authorgroup><author><firstname>Yvonne</firstname><surname>Treis</surname><affiliation><orgname>Inst. f. Afrikanistik</orgname></affiliation></author></authorgroup><biblioid class="uri">urn:nbn:de:0009-10-3790</biblioid><keywordset><keyword>Kambaata</keyword><keyword>Kasus</keyword><keyword>case</keyword></keywordset><subjectset scheme="bk"><subject>Kambaata</subject></subjectset><legalnotice><title>Licence</title><para>Any party may pass on this Work by electronic means and make it available for download under the terms and conditions of the Digital Peer Publishing Licence. The text of the licence may be accessed and retrieved via Internet at http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/dppl/DPPL_v2_en_06-2004.html</para></legalnotice><titleabbrev>Form and Function of Case Marking in Kambaata</titleabbrev><volumenum>2</volumenum><issuenum>1</issuenum><biblioset relation="journal"><issn>ISSN:1860-7462</issn><title>Afrikanistik Online</title></biblioset></articleinfo><section><title>Introduction</title><para><1></para><para>Kambaata is a Highland East Cushitic (HEC) language spoken by more than 600,000 speakers (<ulink url="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=ktb"><phrase role="Hyperlink">Gordon 2005</phrase></ulink>) about 300 km southwest of Addis Abeba in the Kambaata-Xambaaro-Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia. It is mutually intelligible with its immediate relatives Alaaba and Qabeena. While the few works published on Kambaata so far more or less concentrate on the verbal morphology and on morpho-phonological processes (Abebe et al. 1985, M.G. Sim 1988, R.J. Sim 1988), little is known about the noun. Only sketchy information is found in Hudson (1976), Korhonen et al. (1986:108), and Sheleme (1989). </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><2></para><para>According to Blake (1994:1), “[c]ase is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads.” In Kambaata the head is either a verb, noun or adjective. There are no adpositions. Kambaata is a strict verb-final language; modifiers precede the head. Example (1) presents a first impression of the structure of a Kambaata sentence.<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> All examples of this article are written in the official Kambaata orthography which follows the Oromo orthography. It deviates from IPA-standards in the following respects: (a) Ejectives: <phrase role="Beispiele"><ph> = [p’]</phrase>, <phrase role="Beispiele"><x> = [t’], <q> = [k’] and <c> = [t’]</phrase>, other consonants: <phrase role="Beispiele"><ch> = [t], <sh> = [], <’> =</phrase><phrase role="ArialUnicode"> [ʔ].</phrase> (b) Both letters of a digraph are reduplicated when the consonant is geminate, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">[:]</phrase> = <shsh>. (c) Long vowels are indicated by two vowels in a sequence, e.g.<phrase role="Beispiele"> [a:] </phrase>= <phrase role="Beispiele"><aa></phrase>. (d) Due to a questionable orthographic convention sonorants after glottal stop are always doubled <phrase role="Beispiele">(’nn, ’mm, ’ll, ’rr)</phrase>, although they are actually clusters of only two consonants ( + n/m/r/l). (e) Every Kambaata word ending in a consonant orthographically, has a final unvoiced <phrase role="Beispiele">[<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase> phonetically. Being the default final vowel, it is not written, i.e. the nominative marker of feminine nouns,<phrase role="Beispiele"> /-t/</phrase>, for instance, is phonetically <phrase role="Beispiele">[t<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase>.</para><para role="Endnote">In contrast to the official Kambaata orthography, which marks glottal stop only between identical vowels (e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">[au] = <au></phrase>), here all glottal stops apart from the predictable word-initial ones are written. </para></footnote></phrase> The nominative encodes the subject, the accusative the object (semantic role: patient), the ablative an oblique object (semantic role: source). The genitive encodes a noun modifying another noun. </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="49.4pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="103.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="73.1pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="67.5pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="144.7pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Text11">1)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="example Char"><phrase role="Beispiele">Án</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="example Char"><phrase role="Beispiele">qoxíichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="example Char"><phrase role="Beispiele">boqqollí</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="example Char"><phrase role="Beispiele">zerettá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="example Char"><phrase role="Beispiele">dirr-iishsh-óomm</phrase><emphasis>.</emphasis></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Text10">1</phrase><phrase role="Text11">sg.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">storage:place.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">maize.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">seed.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m</phrase><phrase role="Text10">.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">lower-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">caus1(+pal+gem)-1sg.pvo</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="AuflistungInZitat" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col6" align="left"><para role="example Char"><phrase role="Text11">I took down the maize seeds from the storage place (above the cattle).</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><3></para><para>The present article aims, firstly, at analysing the formal means of case marking in Kambaata (see section 2), presenting the different declensions and the formation rules for different case forms, and discussing syncretism. The importance of accent for case marking is furthermore demonstrated. A major distinction is made between case marking on nominal heads and nominal modifiers. Secondly, the grammatical and semantic functions of each exponent of case are investigated (see section 3). </para></section><section><title>Formal Means of Case Marking</title><section><title>Case Marking on Common and Proper Nouns</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><4></para><para>The Kambaata noun (fig. 1) consists of a root, optional derivational morphemes and a case marker. Root and derivational morphemes make up the nominal stem. The root is never used in isolation; it requires a case marker. Several optional morphemes can be attached in addition: a pragmatically determined <phrase role="Beispiele">n-</phrase>morpheme of which the function still needs to be examined, a gender marker (diachronically derived from a demonstrative; see Sasse 1984), possessive suffixes, markers of coordination.</para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="150.03mm" depth="37.31mm" fileref="dippArticle-1.png" format="PNG" srccredit="embed" /></imageobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="29.2pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="11.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="42.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="53.0pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="39.4pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="6" /><colspec colname="col7" colwidth="83.1pt" colnum="7" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">e.g.</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">oll -</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">eechch -</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">oon -</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ta -</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">nnée</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">root</phrase>-</para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg</phrase>-</para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.icp</phrase>-</para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">ta</phrase>-</para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">s1pl</phrase>.<phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">pos</phrase>.<phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">crd</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col3" nameend="col7" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">'and with our neighbour (f.)'</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Case is marked segmentally by suffixes, auto-segmentally by a specific position of the accent. Suppletion only occurs in the paradigm of personal pronouns (see section 2.8). Kambaata differentiates at least eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental-comitative-perlative (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>), short (I) and long (II) locative. The status of the vocative is not yet clear. </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><5></para><para>Not all nominals make a formal distinction between all cases, e.g. nominal modifiers generally have a reduced number of distinctions. Owing to syncretism and the reduction of case distinctions on the one hand, and the polysemy of some cases (see section 3) on the other hand, the question arises as to how many cases one should assume. I here follow the distributional approach of Blake (1994:20f) and the guidelines of Comrie (1991): If two cases are distinguished formally by at least one noun phrase, then they are considered distinct in general. The same degree of distinction is assumed to apply to all declensions, although the opposition between one case and the other can be neutralised in some of them. This approach allows one to formulate more general rules about the syntactic-semantic distribution. </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><6></para><para>It also has to be determined how many declensions are to be differentiated. Here I follow an approach that might seem over-specific to the reader, since it results in a high number of declensions and sub-declensions (Table 1). This high number gives, at first sight, the impression that the case system is extremely complex, although this is, in fact, not the case. As the analysis of the hitherto little described Kambaata language is still in its early stages, this approach is nevertheless favoured in order not to mask distinctions that might turn out to be relevant at a later stage of analysis.</para><para>Table 1: Case paradigms of common and proper nouns<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> General note on this and the following tables: Optional elements are found in round brackets. Empty round brackets (…) indicate that the forms are not (yet) attested in the database. Hyphens (-) indicate forms that were ruled out. In square brackets […] phonetic information is presented. Some temporal nouns (e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">barí</phrase><emphasis> </emphasis>‘day’, <phrase role="Beispiele">gassimá</phrase><emphasis> </emphasis>‘morning’) could not be put in one of the declensions with any certainty. They show irregular vowels in some case forms and not all forms are attested in my database.</para></footnote></phrase></para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="10"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.4pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="16.5pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="63.5pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="41.8pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="40.3pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="44.6pt" colnum="6" /><colspec colname="col7" colwidth="48.6pt" colnum="7" /><colspec colname="col8" colwidth="42.8pt" colnum="8" /><colspec colname="col9" colwidth="44.3pt" colnum="9" /><colspec colname="col10" colwidth="61.4pt" colnum="10" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">decl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locI / voc</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F1a</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F1b</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F2a</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-i-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-é</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="endnote text"><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-e</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F2b</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-é</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-[<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-é</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-e</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F3a</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ú-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óochch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F3b</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óochch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F4</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F5</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">F6</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óochch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung" /></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M1a</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M1b</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-[<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M2</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-e / ( )</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M3a</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ú</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M3b</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-[<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M4</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-é </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-[<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-é </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-e</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M5</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óochch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M6</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-áa</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M7</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée / ( )</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M8</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">M9</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-úu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-úu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-íin (?)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-úun</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col10" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-úu / ( )</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para /><para>Notes and Examples:</para><itemizedlist mark="disc" spacing="normal"><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F1a</phrase>: largest feminine declension, e.g.: <phrase role="Beispiele">maccáta</phrase> ‘ear’, most plurative nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">boorráta</phrase> ‘oxen’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F1b</phrase>: feminine proper nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Besá</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F2a</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">gatíta</phrase> ‘backyard’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F2b</phrase>: most feminine proper nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Aacaamé</phrase>; some common nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">shumagé</phrase> ‘hare’ </para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F3a</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">xinkúta</phrase> ‘riddle’, feminine singulative nouns in <phrase role="Beispiele">–(ich)chúta</phrase> and feminine agent nouns in <phrase role="Beispiele">–aanchúta</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F3b</phrase>: feminine proper nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Ayyaantó</phrase>, some common nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">xorbó</phrase> ‘ball’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F4</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">mashsháata</phrase> ‘knife (for enset food)’, associative nouns in<phrase role="Beispiele"> –’áata</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F5</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">qunculéeta</phrase> ‘scraper’, associative nouns in <phrase role="Beispiele">–’éeta</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">F6</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">hizóota</phrase> ‘sister’, associative nouns in –<phrase role="Beispiele">’óota</phrase>, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Xummiso’óota</phrase> ‘<phrase role="Beispiele">Xummiso</phrase> and his associates’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M1a</phrase>: largest masculine declension, <phrase role="Beispiele">ishimá</phrase> ‘brother of mother’, most loanwords, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">muuzá</phrase> < Amh. <phrase role="Beispiele">muz </phrase>'banana'</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M1b</phrase>: masculine proper nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Baafá</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M2</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">foolí</phrase> ‘soul’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M3a</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">utubú</phrase> ‘center pole (house)’, masculine singulative nouns in –<phrase role="Beispiele">(ich)chú</phrase> and masculine agent nouns in <phrase role="Beispiele">–aanchú</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M3b</phrase>: masculine proper nouns in -<phrase role="Beispiele">aamó</phrase>, -<phrase role="Beispiele">amó</phrase>, -<phrase role="Beispiele">eebó</phrase>, -<phrase role="Beispiele">aabó</phrase> see <phrase role="Beispiele">Makkeebó</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M4</phrase>: masculine proper nouns (see F2b), e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Boqé</phrase></para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M5</phrase>: most masculine proper nouns (see F3b) e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Salfisó</phrase>, some common nouns, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">hagasó</phrase> ‘bird<phrase role="Beispiele">:sp</phrase>’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M6</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">zaanzáa</phrase> ‘centre of enset corm’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M7</phrase>: (so far only) <phrase role="Beispiele">qoqée</phrase> ‘throat’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M8</phrase>: e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">elóo</phrase> ‘pit’</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungUngeordnet"><phrase role="Hervorheben">M9</phrase>: (so far only) <phrase role="Beispiele">hagúu</phrase> ‘dry season’</para></listitem></itemizedlist><para role="Absatznummerierung"><7></para><para>The order of the case forms in the paradigm (Table 1) is in accordance with the following considerations (Plank 1991c): Vertically, less complex case forms are prior to more complex ones. Forms which are considered the base of the following are more to the left than the forms that are derived from them. Cases that are at times not formally distinguished are adjacent. The accusative as the unmarked case (see section 3) and the case with the highest number of allomorphs precedes all others. It is followed by the subject case (nominative) and the case of nominal modifiers (genitive). All cases to the right can more or less be derived from the genitive (dative, ablative, <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>) or the accusative (locative I and II), i.e. the diversity of forms within the declensions is limited. Accusative and genitive are “diagnostic” or “reference forms” (Plank 1991b:32). Locative II and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>, genitive and dative are neighbours because frequently they are not differentiated and subject to syncretism. The position of the locative I/vocative is problematic. It is not a complex form, instead probably derivable from the accusative and forming the base of the locative II. For the time being and in spite of the fact that this leads to the unfortunate situation that locative I follows locative II, it is put in the last column, because the rules that govern its formation are not yet fully understood due to its restricted occurrence in the database.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><8></para><para>Horizontally, Table 1 is divided into two major parts, feminine nouns and masculine nouns. The majority of feminine nouns is characterised by an additional <phrase role="Beispiele">t-</phrase>suffix in the accusative and nominative (see section 2.5). The genitive of feminine nouns is formed by changing a high short accusative vowel into its corresponding non-high vowel (i.e.<phrase role="Beispiele"> i>e, u>o</phrase>), non-high and long accusative vowels remain unchanged. Masculine nouns ending in a short vowel have <phrase role="Beispiele">–u </phrase>or<phrase role="Beispiele"> –i </phrase>in the nominative and <phrase role="Beispiele">–i </phrase>in the genitive (except M4 and M5). Masculine nouns ending in a long vowel have <phrase role="Beispiele">–óo </phrase>in the nominative and <phrase role="Beispiele">–ée </phrase>in the genitive (except M9). For the derivation of case forms to the right of the genitive general rules can be posited, irrespective of the gender. Dative, ablative and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> build on the genitive. They are derived either by vowel lengthening only (dative) or by vowel lengthening plus attaching a consonantal suffix (ablative, <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>). Locative I/vocative and locative II are derived from the accusative: A high short accusative vowel is changed into its corresponding non-high vowel (i.e. <phrase role="Beispiele">i>e, u>o</phrase>, non-high and long vowels remain unchanged) to receive the locative I / vocative, from which the locative II can be derived by vowel lengthening and attaching an <phrase role="Beispiele">–n</phrase>. </para></section><section><title>Proper nouns</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><9></para><para>Although common nouns and proper nouns can be differentiated on semantic grounds and although they concentrate in specific declensions, an impermeable dividing line cannot be drawn. Proper nouns are names of persons, domestic animals and places. The first two types of proper nouns differ from common nouns in not having the ‑<phrase role="Beispiele">t</phrase>V-morpheme in the feminine gender. The third group, place names, occupies an intermediate position. Some of the feminine place names (e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Duuraamí-ta </phrase>= capital of Kambaata)<phrase role="Beispiele"> </phrase>contain the <phrase role="Beispiele">–t</phrase>V-morpheme, others do not, or the speakers differ in their judgments (e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">Qajeelé</phrase>, <phrase role="Beispiele">Jooré ~ Joorí-ta</phrase> = places near <phrase role="Beispiele">Duuraame</phrase>). </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><10></para><para>Some common nouns formally have to be grouped with proper nouns, because they have non-high accusative vowels, and if feminine, no <phrase role="Beispiele">–t</phrase>V- in the nominative and accusative (F2b, F3b, M5). This small group contains some terms for animal species, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">shumagé</phrase> (f)<phrase role="Beispiele"> </phrase>‘hare’, <phrase role="Beispiele">xaafuluuqé </phrase>(f)<phrase role="Beispiele"> </phrase>‘bird<phrase role="Beispiele">:sp</phrase>’, terms from the women’s respect vocabulary (Treis 2005), e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">abbó </phrase>(m) ‘rain’, <phrase role="Beispiele">idé </phrase>(f) ‘sun’, from the infant’s vocabulary, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">kookkó </phrase>(m) ‘hyena, dog, cat’ and from other semantic fields, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">xorbó </phrase>(f) ‘ball’.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><11></para><para>Proper nouns dominate the declensions F1b, F2b, F3b, M1b, M3b, M4, and M5. Note that only indigenous Kambaata names were considered. Most masculine proper nouns mark the nominative by [<phrase role="Beispiele">–<superscript>i</superscript></phrase>] (which does not occur orthographically), a pattern rarely attested for common nouns. </para></section><section><title>Accent</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><12></para><para>When analysing case in Kambaata, it is especially important to take accent into consideration. Kambaata has no lexical accent, but grammatical minimal pairs do exist. Each case form has a characteristic accentual pattern<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> Note the deviation from the nominal case patterns in the demonstrative paradigms (Table 3 and 4).</para></footnote></phrase>, some forms are even differentiated by accent only. The accusative is characterised by an accent on its case marker, see <phrase role="Beispiele">foolí </phrase>‘soul’ (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase>), <phrase role="Beispiele">gatí-ta </phrase>‘backyard’ (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase>) and <phrase role="Beispiele">meselée-ta </phrase>‘girl’. In the nominative, the accent is shifted to the front, if the accusative vowel is short, see <phrase role="Beispiele">fóolu </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase>) and <phrase role="Beispiele">gáti-t </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase>), but it remains if the accusative vowel is long, see <phrase role="Beispiele">meselée-t</phrase> (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase>). Dative, ablative, <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> and locative II nouns are accented on the case-marker. Usually, the accent is not affected if a noun is modified by a possessive suffix, except in the genitive case. The genitive is characterised by an accent on the last syllable, see <phrase role="Beispiele">foolí </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase>)<phrase role="Beispiele">, gaté </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase>)<phrase role="Beispiele">, meselée</phrase> (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase>). The accent even moves further to the right, if the noun is modified, see <phrase role="Beispiele">fooli-sí </phrase>‘of his soul’, <phrase role="Beispiele">gate-sé </phrase>‘of her backyard’, <phrase role="Beispiele">meselee-nné </phrase>‘of our girl’. The locative I/vocative has an accent on the penultimate and often differs from the genitive only in the accent position, see <phrase role="Beispiele">gáte </phrase>‘in the backyard’ vs. <phrase role="Beispiele">gaté </phrase>‘of the backyard’ and the feminine proper name <phrase role="Beispiele">Aasháame </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">voc</phrase>) vs. <phrase role="Beispiele">Aashaamé </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase>). </para></section><section><title>Syncretism</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><13></para><para>Homonymous word-forms are a recurrent phenomenon in the case paradigms of Kambaata. If this homonymy is systematic, it is called syncretism (Haspelmath 2002:275). Identical locative II and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> forms are common, because feminine nouns generally do not distinguish these cases, as some masculine proper nouns (M4, M5) do. Despite this syncretism, ambiguities seldom arise, the semantics of the nouns and the verbs help to disambiguate. Inanimate referents are usually instruments, human referents usually companions. Ambiguities could arise for feminine nouns that denote locations, but if the location is to be interpreted as the place along which one passes, the super-ordinate verb is usually accompanied by the converb <phrase role="Beispiele">hig- </phrase>‘pass’. In contrast to Kambaata, Sim (1989:113) reports for Hadiyya about an accentual difference between feminine locative (II) and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> nouns. </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><14></para><para>Genitive-dative syncretism is a general feature of nouns with a long accusative vowel (F4-6, M6-9), because the dative's optional –<phrase role="Beispiele">h</phrase>V-suffix is usually deleted in allegro speech. Genitive and dative do not only overlap formally in some declensions, but rather do so functionally throughout the language. Attributive possessors are genitive (‘X’s Y’), whereas possessors in nominal predications are dative (‘X has a Y’ expressed as ‘a Y is for X’) (see section 3). In identificational expressions (‘Y is X’s thing’, or ‘Y is a thing for X’), the speaker even has the choice to encode the possessor in the genitive or dative.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><15></para><para>Sasse’s observation (1984:111) that the distinction between subject and object is often abandoned in Cushitic due to the interference with other grammatical categories (gender and focus) does not hold for Kambaata. The formal identity of nominative and accusative is rare, not systematic, and the distinction is actually neutralised only in a small fraction of all nouns (M8, M9, as well as nouns in F4-6 if modified by a possessive suffix). Nominative and accusative in the majority of declensions, irrespective of gender, are differentiated by accent. The recent grammaticalisation of case- and gender-sensitive demonstratives into gender markers (-<phrase role="Beispiele">h</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele">/-t</phrase>V) resulted only in an additional, not a new coding of the distinction. </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><16></para><para>Accusative–genitive syncretism is found among proper nouns (see F1b, F2b, F3b, M4, M5) and among some common nouns (M2). Other pairs or sets of identical forms are restricted to one or the other declension of nouns with a long final vowel.</para></section><section><title>The –<phrase role="BeispieleÜberschrift2 Zchn">t</phrase>V/-<phrase role="BeispieleÜberschrift2 Zchn">h</phrase>V-morphemes</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><17></para><para>The case systems of Kambaata and Alaaba (Schneider-Blum forthcoming) are by and large similar, but differ in details. The distribution of the <phrase role="Beispiele">–t</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele">/-h</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase>morphemes<phrase role="Beispiele"> </phrase>(see Fig. 1) after the case marker of the noun is one of these details. As Sasse (1984) pointed out, it is likely that these morphemes originated in the gender- and case-sensitive demonstratives <phrase role="Beispiele">*ka > -ha </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase>), <phrase role="Beispiele">*ku > -hu</phrase> (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">m.nom</phrase>), <phrase role="Beispiele">*ta > -ta </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase>), *<phrase role="Beispiele">ti > -t[<superscript>i</superscript>] </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">f.nom</phrase>) (see Table 3) and developed into gender suffixes and secondary case-suffixes. Before, gender had only been marked by agreement; case had been marked by simple case-suffixes. After the grammaticalisation of the demonstratives, an additional device of marking gender and case found its way into the paradigms of Kambaata, Alaaba and Qabeena (see also Sasse 1984 on Burji and Oromo). Compare feminine nouns in Sidaama and Kambaata: <phrase role="Beispiele">giira </phrase>‘fire’<phrase role="Beispiele">, maxine </phrase><phrase role="Kapitälchen">‘</phrase>salt’ (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom=acc) </phrase>(Anbessa 2000:48) vs. <phrase role="Beispiele">giiráta </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc) – </phrase><phrase role="Beispiele">gíirat </phrase><phrase role="Kapitälchen">(nom) </phrase>‘fire’ and <phrase role="Beispiele">maxiníta </phrase><phrase role="Kapitälchen">(acc) – </phrase><phrase role="Beispiele">maxínit </phrase><phrase role="Kapitälchen">(nom) ‘</phrase>salt’. However, the distribution of <phrase role="Beispiele">–t</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele">/-h</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele"> </phrase>in Kambaata is idiosyncratic and not yet explicable. Whether Kambaata represents an incomplete instance of grammaticalisation, or an overt gender-marking system in recession is yet unclear and needs to be investigated in a comparative approach. The distribution of <phrase role="Beispiele">-t</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele">/-h</phrase>V seems to depend on </para><orderedlist numeration="upperroman" spacing="normal" inheritnum="ignore" continuation="restarts"><listitem><para role="AufzählungRömisch">whether the noun is a common noun or proper noun,</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungRömisch">the case of the noun,</para></listitem><listitem><para role="AufzählungRömisch">whether the noun has additional suffixes (see fig. 1: possessive suffixes, <phrase role="Beispiele">–n-</phrase>morpheme, coordination morpheme) or only consist of stem and case marker.</para></listitem></orderedlist><para role="Absatznummerierung"><18></para><para>All these aspects (i)-(iii) interact, and result in a very complicated picture. To compound matters, <phrase role="Beispiele">‑t</phrase>V<phrase role="Beispiele">/-h</phrase>V are sometimes optional, sometimes obligatory and not always gender-sensitive. Due to restrictions of space, the exact distribution cannot be elaborated upon and the reader has to be referred to forthcoming publications.</para></section><section><title>Case marking on nominal modifiers</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><19></para><para>Kambaata is a "word-marking language" (Blake 1994:100): not only the head in an NP is case-marked, but also the modifiers, i.e. adjectives, numerals and demonstratives. Adjectives are a word class separate from nouns. The modifier position is decisive for differentiating the two word classes: While nouns always appear in the genitive when modifying another noun, adjectives show case and gender agreement. Apart from this, adjectives can be modified by converbs. Numerals may be assumed to form a sub-class of adjectives characterised by a vowel change between masculine and feminine forms. </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><20></para><para>When used as heads, adjectives, numerals, and demonstratives display the full case paradigm. According to their final accusative vowel, adjectives and numerals<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> Independent demonstratives (i.e. demonstratives as heads / pronouns), however, cannot be assigned to the nominal declensions in Table 1, because they differ considerably in their formal means of case marking (see section 2.6.2).</para></footnote></phrase> can be assigned to the declensions for nouns in Table 1, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">matú </phrase>‘one’ belongs to declension M3a. As modifiers, however, their case distinctions are reduced. Three cases, nominative, accusative and rest (= oblique), at the most, are distinguished. Genitive, dative, ablative, <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>, locative II and locative I/vocative forms are systematically syncretic, or phrased differently, modifiers are under-specified for case. </para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><21></para><para>Contrary to the observations of Schneider-Blum (forthc.) for Alaaba, the modifiers in Kambaata carry accents. There is no indication that the accents on modifiers get lost. On the contrary, in Kambaata the accent on modifiers is decisive for certain case distinctions. See declension A1, <phrase role="Beispiele">abbá </phrase><phrase role="Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase>, <phrase role="Beispiele">ábba </phrase><phrase role="Kapitälchen">m.obl</phrase>, or as another minimal pair <phrase role="Beispiele">danáame manchó oddishsháta </phrase>‘the clothes of the beautiful woman’ vs. <phrase role="Beispiele">danaamé oddishsháta </phrase>(a) ‘the clothes of the beautiful one’, (b) ‘the clothes of Danaame (= woman’s name)’.</para><section><title>Case marking on adjectives and cardinal numerals</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><22></para><para>By analogy with nouns, adjectives and cardinal numerals can be grouped into different declensions (Table 2). </para><para>Table 2: Adjectival declensions<phrase role="endnote_reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> The (short) oblique forms given in the table alternate with long forms that have <emphasis>–</emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">ta</phrase><emphasis> </emphasis>(f) or <emphasis>–</emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">(h)a</phrase><emphasis> </emphasis>(m), additionally. The accent position remains unaffected by the extension. Informants always stressed that both, the short and the long form, are equally possible. See <phrase role="Beispiele">maléesa</phrase><emphasis lang="en-GB"> ~ </emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">maléesa</phrase><emphasis lang="en-GB">-</emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">ta</phrase><emphasis lang="en-GB"> </emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">meentichchóo</phrase><emphasis> </emphasis>‘to the wise woman (dat)’, <phrase role="Beispiele">maléesa</phrase><emphasis lang="en-GB"> ~ </emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">maléesa</phrase><emphasis lang="en-GB">-a </emphasis><phrase role="Beispiele">nubabíi</phrase><emphasis> </emphasis>‘to the wise old men (dat)’.</para></footnote></phrase></para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="33.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="30.6pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="61.1pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="61.1pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="61.1pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col1" nameend="col2" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">decl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">fem</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col1" nameend="col2" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Autoren"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Autoren"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">obl</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A1</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="endnote text"><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A2</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ú-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ú</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A3</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-i-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-e</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-ú</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-o </phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A4</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-í-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-i-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-e</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-á</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">´-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A5</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo-ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-óo</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Notes and examples:</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="33.5pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="427.1pt" colnum="2" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text12">A1: </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">largest declension class of adjectives, e.g.</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">zatimá(-ta) </phrase><phrase role="Text11">‘meagre’, plurative-marked adjectives </phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text12">A2: </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">e.g. </phrase><phrase role="Beispiele">qeraa’rrrú(-ta</phrase><phrase role="Text11">) ‘long, high, tall’, derived adjectives, e.g.</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">sal-aanchú-ta </phrase><phrase role="Text11">‘pregnant’ </phrase>(< <phrase role="Beispiele">saláa</phrase><phrase role="Text11"> ‘embryo, foetus’)</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text12">A3:</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">most numerals, e.g.</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">matú/matí-ta </phrase><phrase role="Text11">‘one’, derived adjectives</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">wo’-aamú/wo’-aamí-ta </phrase><phrase role="Text11">‘juicy’ (</phrase><phrase role="Beispiele">< wo’á</phrase><phrase role="Text11"> ‘water’)</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text12">A4: </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">numerals, e.g.</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">lamalá/lamalí-ta </phrase>‘seven’, <phrase role="Text11">and</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">hoolamá/hoolamíta</phrase><phrase role="Text11"> ‘much, many’</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text12">A5: </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">(so far only)</phrase><phrase role="Beispiele"> haaróo/haaróo-ta</phrase><phrase role="Text11"> ‘new’</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Ordinal numerals are invariant modifiers with the accentual pattern of genitive nouns. As heads of an NP, they require additional nominalising morphology.</para></section><section><title>Case marking on demonstratives</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><23></para><para>Kambaata distinguishes four demonstratives, (i) <phrase role="Beispiele">ka/ta</phrase>, (ii) <phrase role="Beispiele">híkka/hítta, </phrase>(iii) <phrase role="Beispiele">káaph/táaph </phrase>and (iv) <phrase role="Beispiele">hikkáaph/hittaaph</phrase>. From the speaker’s perspective, (i), (ii) and (iv) refer to near, far and very far objects. The function of (iii), the hearer’s perspective and the discourse functions still need to be investigated, the reader is referred to forthcoming publications. Formally the demonstratives constitute two classes, (i)/(ii) and (iii)/(iv). Demonstratives differ from adjectives in two respects: As heads they consistently distinguish masculine and feminine plural forms. The opposition between locative II and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp </phrase>in the feminine plural paradigm is noteworthy, because this is not attested in any other feminine paradigm in the language. Additionally, demonstratives have a unique accent pattern not comparable to the one of nouns or adjectives.</para><para>Table 3: <phrase role="Beispiele">ka/ta- </phrase>and <phrase role="Beispiele">híkka/hítta-</phrase>demonstratives<emphasis><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /><phrase role="endnote reference"> </phrase>The tilde (~) in Table 3 indicates that in the oblique two forms are in free variation.</para></footnote></emphasis></para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="36.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="33.3pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="85.8pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="85.8pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="77.1pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="75.6pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">m.pl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">f.pl</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hít)ta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quelle"><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kará</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tará</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ku / híkku</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ti / hítt</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kúun</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tíin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kurú</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tirú</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka ~ (hik)kánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hít)ta ~ (hit)tánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kanní</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tanné</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)karrí</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tarrí</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka ~ (hik)kánn </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hít)ta ~ (hit)tánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kanníi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tannée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)karríi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tarríi(ha)</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka ~ (hik)kánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hít)ta ~ (hit)tánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kanníichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tannéechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)karríichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tarríichch</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka ~ (hik)kánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hít)ta ~ (hit)tánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kanníin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tannéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)karríin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tarríin</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka ~ (hik)kánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hít)ta ~ (hit)tánn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kannéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tannéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)karráan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tarráan</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kánne</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>-</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Table 4: <phrase role="Beispiele">káaph/táaph</phrase>- and <phrase role="Beispiele">hikkáaph/hittáaph</phrase>-demonstratives</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="36.2pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="32.3pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="80.5pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="80.5pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="93.3pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="88.4pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Phonetik" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">m.pl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">f.pl</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kaaphíra</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)taaphíra</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kúuph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tíiph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kúuph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tíiph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kuuphíru</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)tiiphíru</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)ka’í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)ta’é</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kaaphirí</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)taaphirí</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)ka’íi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)ta’ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kaaphiríi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)taaphiríi(ha)</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)ka’íichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)ta’éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kaaphiríichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)taaphiríichch</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)ka’íin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)ta’éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kaaphiriin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)taaphiríin</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)káaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)táaph</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)ka’éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)ta’éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hik)kaaphiráan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hit)taaphiráan</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">idp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">(hík)ka’e</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable></section></section><section><title>Case marking on Interrogatives</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><24></para><para>The (pro)nominal interrogative <phrase role="Beispiele">ayé </phrase>‘who?’ displays the case distinctions and forms of declension M4 (see Table 1). <phrase role="Beispiele">má </phrase>‘what?’ has an irregular, but noun-like paradigm (Table 5). </para><para>Table 5: The Interrogative <phrase role="Beispiele">má </phrase>‘what?’</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="56.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="56.7pt" colnum="2" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Phonetik" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">‘what?’</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">má</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">mí</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">míi</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">míi(ha)</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">míichch</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">míin</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">máan</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>The interrogatives <phrase role="Beispiele">hákka/hátta </phrase>‘which?’ and <phrase role="Beispiele">me’ú/me’íta </phrase>‘how much?’ can either be used as modifiers (with a reduced case paradigm) or as heads, i.e. independently. <phrase role="Beispiele">hákka/hátta </phrase>‘which?’ has the same paradigm as the (<phrase role="Beispiele">hík)ka/(hít)ta</phrase>-demonstratives (Table 3), differing in all forms only in the stem-vowel <phrase role="Beispiele">a </phrase>vs. <phrase role="Beispiele">i</phrase>. The interrogative <phrase role="Beispiele">me’ú/me’íta </phrase>‘how much?’ behaves like a numeral of declension A3 (see Table 2), having the same degree of formal distinction and the characteristic vowel change <phrase role="Beispiele">u ~ i.</phrase> As a modifier its paradigm is reduced (<phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc – nom – obl</phrase>). When used independently, it fits into the M3a declension of masculine nouns or F2a declension of feminine nouns, respectively.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><25></para><para>The interrogatives do not make up a morphologically homogeneous group. They either have a (pro)noun-like, demonstrative-like, or numeral paradigm. There is a straightforward formal relation between question word and questioned word.<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> I am indebted to Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (p.c.) for drawing my attention to the relation between the word-class of a question word and the word-class of its typical answer.</para></footnote></phrase> The questioned entity is typically in the same category like the interrogative. The (pro)nominal interrogatives <phrase role="Beispiele">ayé </phrase>and <phrase role="Beispiele">má </phrase>question a (pro)noun, an answer to a question containing <phrase role="Beispiele">hákka/hátta </phrase>typically involves a demonstrative (Q: which one? A: this one/that one), and <phrase role="Beispiele">me’ú/me'íta </phrase>enquires about an amount which would be expressed by a numeral or quantifier.</para></section><section><title>Case marking on personal pronouns</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><26></para><para>In the pronominal paradigm (Table 6) nine personal pronouns differentiate at least six case forms each. For <phrase role="Kapitälchen">3m.sg</phrase> locative II and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> are distinguished in addition. As a result of innovations in the personal pronoun paradigm, different stems can be found for different case forms of one and the same person. Case forms can no more be derived regularly from accusative and genitive. Apart from the forms shown in the table, Kambaata has vocative pronouns: <phrase role="Beispiele">kóo </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">2m.sg.voc</phrase>) and <phrase role="Beispiele">tée </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">2f.sg.voc</phrase>) are used independently, the short forms <phrase role="Beispiele">kó </phrase>and <phrase role="Beispiele">té </phrase>are used if a head noun follows, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">kó adabáa </phrase>‘hey, boy!’, <phrase role="Beispiele">té meselée </phrase>‘hey, girl!’. In the vocative case of the second person pronouns gender (masculine vs. feminine) is distinguished. This is insofar surprising as all other second person pronouns refer to feminine as well as masculine referents. The vocative pronouns are only used for persons younger than the speaker. Plural forms do not exist. If there are several addressees, <phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nne’eeta </phrase>(<phrase role="Kapitälchen">2pl.acc</phrase>) can follow the singular pronouns.</para><para>Table 6: The personal pronouns</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="34.8pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="51.7pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="59.6pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="50.5pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="70.0pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="73.7pt" colnum="6" /><colspec colname="col7" colwidth="56.6pt" colnum="7" /><colspec colname="col8" colwidth="56.6pt" colnum="8" /><colspec colname="col9" colwidth="52.3pt" colnum="9" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Phonetik" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Absatznummer"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Absatznummer"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Absatznummer"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Absatznummer"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">dep</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">1sg</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">án</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ées</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">íi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">esáa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">esáachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">esáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">esáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-’e / -’[<superscript>i</superscript>]</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">2sg</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">át</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kées</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kíi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kesáa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kesáachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kesáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kesáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-(k)k</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">2hon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">á’nnu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnéta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quelle"><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nné</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnéechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-’nne ~ ‑(k)ki’nne</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">3m</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ís</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isú</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isí</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isíi(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isíichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isíin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isóon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-s</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">3f</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">íse</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">iséta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isé</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">iséechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">iséen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">iséen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-se</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">3hon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">íssa</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">issáta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">issá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">issáa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">issáachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">issáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">issáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-(s)sa</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">1pl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">na’óot</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">nées</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">níi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">nesáa(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">nesáachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">nesáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">nesáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-nne</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">2pl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">a’nno’óot</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnéeta ~ ki’nne’eeta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnée ~ ki’nne’ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nnée(ha) ~ ki’nne’ée(ha)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nne’éechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nne’éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ki’nne’éen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-’nne ~ ‑(k)ki’nne</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">3pl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óot</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óota</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óochch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">isso’óon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col9" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">-(s)sa</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Apart from free personal pronouns, Kambaata has a set of dependent pronouns (see last column of Table 6) that refer to the possessor if they are suffixed to a noun and to an object if suffixed to a verb.<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> The allomorphs with the geminate initial consonant are found after vowels and non-sonorant consonants, the other ones after sonorants only.</para></footnote></phrase></para></section></section><section><title>The syntactic-semantic distribution of the cases</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><27></para><para>The previous section concentrated on the formal aspects, the following discusses which cases encode which syntactic/grammatical functions and semantic roles. Besides the common and presumably well-known, some more remarkable functions of the different cases are pointed out. Case is of considerable importance in Kambaata, because there are no adpositions and the order of NPs in a sentence is relatively free. Like its closest relatives Alaaba (Schneider-Blum forthc.) and Qabeena (Crass 2005) and other Cushitic languages, Kambaata has a marked nominative system. The nominative does not have more phonological weight than the accusative (see section 2), but the accusative is more frequent in absolute terms: it is used in more contexts than the nominative. 'Marked nominative system” here refers neither to the morphological nor to the phonological markedness of the nominative, but instead to a notional markedness. </para><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">nominative</phrase> encodes the subject of intransitive and transitive verbs (see (1) above), as well as of nominal predications.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><28></para><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">accusative</phrase> has a wide range of functions. First of all, it marks the direct object of a verb whose semantic role is prototypically that of a patient (see (1) above). Motion verbs encode their goals in the accusative, see <phrase role="Beispiele">hadáta ful- </phrase>‘go out’ (lit.: 'go to outside”), <phrase role="Beispiele">lagá orooqq- </phrase>‘leave for the river, leave (to go) to the river’. Some verbs which one would expect to be intransitive, can take accusative 'cognate objects” (Crass 2005:277-79), e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">gisanáta gis- </phrase>‘sleep (a sleep)’ and <phrase role="Beispiele">shumáta shuma’- </phrase>‘urinate (urine)’. Apart from marking objects of different semantic roles, the accusative is also an 'adverbial case' (Sasse 1984). The plain accusative form of a temporal noun expresses adverbials of time, either points in time (2a) or durations (2b). In minor instances it encodes manner adverbials (2c).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="164.2pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="67.1pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">2a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Ga’áata / sanná</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">mar-áamm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">tomorrow.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase><phrase role="Text10"> / Monday.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase><phrase role="Text10"> </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">go-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">1sg.ipv</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I will go tomorrow / on Monday.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="62.5pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="69.2pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="72.0pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="179.2pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">2b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Matú </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">sanná</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">horánka</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xíjj-ee-se.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">one.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">week.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">whole.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">be:sick</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+pal+gem)-3m.pve-3f.obj</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">She was sick for a whole week.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="27.5pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="73.1pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="173.7pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para>2c)</para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Xuummá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hóshsh-eemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">peace.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">pass:the:day</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+pal+gem)-1sg.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I passed the day peacefully / in peace.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><29></para><para>Some adjectives can govern accusative complements, like (<phrase role="Beispiele">hasú</phrase>) <phrase role="Beispiele">qoorá </phrase>‘clever (e.g. in searching)’, (<phrase role="Beispiele">ontíta lokkáta</phrase>)<phrase role="Beispiele"> xillaallá </phrase>‘(e.g. five feet) deep’. See also (3). </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="108.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="67.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="65.4pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="61.9pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">3)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Buxichchí</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">sá’u</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">buudá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">qabára-a.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">poor:man.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">sg.m.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">cow.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">horn.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">flat-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.cop</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A poor man’s cow has flat horns / is flat regarding the horns. <?d-linebreak?>(Riddle; Kambaatissata IV:81)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><30></para><para>The accusative often serves as citation form. In addition, one may consider it the case of nominal predicates (4).<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> The predicative form of the noun only looks like an accusative segmentally; autosegmentally it exhibits a non-accusative accentual pattern (-´- instead of --´). The divergence from the characteristic accusative accentual pattern cannot yet be accounted for.</para></footnote></phrase></para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="86.4pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="91.4pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="118.7pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Text11">4)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Beispiele">Kúun</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Beispiele">íi-haa</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Beispiele">ishíma.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">idp:dem1.m.sg</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">1sg.gen-m.cop</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Text10">mother’s:brother.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Quellen" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col4" align="left"><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="Text11">This is my mother’s brother.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><31></para><para>The term I adopt for the direct object case is not uncontroversial. Instead of 'accusative' a widely adopted term among Cushitists (and beyond) is 'absolutive'. Sasse (1984) favours the latter term on the basis of the wide range of additional functions apart from encoding the direct object. I have nevertheless opted for 'accusative’ in order to avoid the frequent association of 'absolutive' with 'ergative' which is definitely not found in Cushitic.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><32></para><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">genitive</phrase> is the case of nominal modifiers. There is an array of different semantic relations between modifying and modified noun, the most prototypical being the possessor-possessed relationship or the whole-part-relationship. As Kambaata has no adpositions, spatial expressions consist of a genitive (or ablative) noun referring to a whole and the locative II or <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>-form of a relational noun referring to a part (e.g. ‘top’, ‘inside’, ‘bottom’). See also (5). </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="84.7pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="88.6pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="73.7pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="121.4pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">5)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Mánchu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">haqqí-na</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">miní</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">mereeróonee-t.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">man.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.m.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">tree.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.gen-crd</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">house.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">middle.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.locII.vv-cop</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">The man is between the tree and the house.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><33></para><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">dative </phrase>is the marker of indirect objects and some adverbials. The semantic roles recipient and beneficiary are encoded by the dative (6). </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="55.3pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="163.9pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="65.3pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="145.9pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">6)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Íi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hizóoha-’nn</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">gaxá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">abbáashsh-eemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">1sg.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">sister.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">f.dat-n.(met+)1sg.poss</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">floor.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">sweep</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+pal+gem)-1sg.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I swept the floor for my sister.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>The purpose is expressed by the dative which itself is frequently found on deverbal nouns (7b).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="101.4pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="118.7pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">7a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Maxée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">afúushsh!</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">rainy:season.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">keep</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(.caus1).2sg.imp</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">Keep it for the summer / rainy season!</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="77.7pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="83.3pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="61.6pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="100.6pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">7b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Ajjoorí</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">faamá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xuud-íi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">márr-eemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">Ajjoora.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">waterfall.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">see-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">go</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+gem)-1sg.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I went to see the Ajjoora falls.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><34></para><para>The dative marks adverbials of time, but in contrast to the accusative, it refers to an approximate period of time. Compare (8) below with (2b) above.</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="61.4pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="68.1pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="179.2pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">8)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Máto</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hezzeetíi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xíjj-ee-se.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">one.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.obl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">week.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">be.sick</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+pal+gem)-3m.pve-3f.obj</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col4" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">She was sick for about one week.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><35></para><para>Whereas the attributive possessor is encoded by the genitive, the dative marks the possessor in nominal predications (9). </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="20.6pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="88.7pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="77.0pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="79.3pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="67.0pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="73.7pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">9)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Masaaláan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">meentíi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">batináashshat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hújit</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">yóo-ssa</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">masaala.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">women.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">a:lot.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">work.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">be.3</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">-3pl.obj</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col6" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">On Masaala [holiday in September] the women have a lot of work.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><36></para><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">ablative</phrase> marks oblique objects whose semantic role encompasses source, origin and starting point (see (1) and (10a)). In addition, it encodes what is to be avoided (Blake 1994: 'aversive/evitative’) (10b), a related concept ‘apart from’ (10c), and the maleficiary of an action (10d).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="79.2pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="73.6pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="73.6pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="40.8pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">10a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">sanníichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">harbá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">iill-án</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">qaxée</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">Monday.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">Friday.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">arrive-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.ico</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">until</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">from Monday to Friday</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="84.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="122.0pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="70.3pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="67.5pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">10b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Mashsháachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">qoraphph-í-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">waasá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">mur!</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">knife:<emphasis lang="en-GB">sp</emphasis>.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f</phrase><phrase role="Text10">.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">stay.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">refl-ep-2sg.pco</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">enset.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">cut.2</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.imp</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">Beware of the knife when cutting waasa [= enset food]!</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.2pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="100.5pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="77.3pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="31.5pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="131.2pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">10c)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kambaatíichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">wólit</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">[…]</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">minaagad-áakkat</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">Kambaata.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m</phrase><phrase role="Text10">.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">other.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">[…]</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">ethnic.group-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">pl.f.nom</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">other ethnic groups apart from the Kambaata (Kambaatissata III:10)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="36.5pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="69.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="101.4pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="69.8pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="54.3pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="64.2pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">(10d)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Cíilu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">reh-ée-se. =</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Cíilu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">iséechch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">reh-ée'u.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">baby.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">die-3</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.pve-3f.obj</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">baby.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3f.abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">die-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col6" align="left"><para>The baby died on her.</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><37></para><para>However, not only verbal heads, also relational nouns (11a) or adjectives (11b), govern ablative nouns. The ablative marks the base of comparison (11c).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="84.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="72.0pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="82.6pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">11a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Ginjiríichch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">biríta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">orooqq-ée'u.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">breakfast.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m</phrase><phrase role="Text10">.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">before.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">go:out-3</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">pl.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col4" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">He went out before breakfast.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="69.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="118.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="84.2pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="58.6pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">11b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Hotéelu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">miníichchi-s</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">abbíshsh</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">qée'rra-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">hotel.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">house.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m</phrase><phrase role="Text10">.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">abl</phrase><phrase role="Text10">-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">3m.poss</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">exceed.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.pco</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">far</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">-m.cop</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para>The hotel is very far from his house.</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.2pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="57.0pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="57.9pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="60.3pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">11c)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Át</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">esáachch</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ábba-a</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">2</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">1sg</phrase><phrase role="Text10">.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">abl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">big-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.cop</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col4" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">You (m) are bigger than me.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Some relational nouns (e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">zakkíin</phrase> ‘after’<phrase role="Beispiele">, aazíin </phrase>‘underneath’<phrase role="Beispiele">, alíin</phrase> ‘above’<phrase role="Beispiele">, biríta</phrase> ‘before’) require an ablative (11a) instead of a genitive modifier (5).</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><38></para><para>Case is syntactically/grammatically determined when marking a noun for a specific grammatical relation to the head, but the choice of one or the other case form can also be subject to semantic/pragmatic considerations. For adverbials of time, the choice of one or the other case form results in slight meaning differences. A point in time can either be encoded by the accusative, locative II or ablative. The ablative nouns have the special connotation ‘about’, ‘around’, i.e. <phrase role="Beispiele">oroobíichch </phrase>‘about Wednesday (but possibly also one day before or after)’, and is used when the speaker is in doubt about the exact day. The meaning of a locative time adverbial, <phrase role="Beispiele">oroobáan</phrase>, is similar (‘probably on Wednesday’), whereas the accusative, <phrase role="Beispiele">oroobá</phrase>, refers to an exact point in time (‘on Wednesday’).</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><39></para><para>Besides marking temporal and local adverbials, the locative II encodes oblique objects. A locative noun can alternate with a relational noun NP. The locative noun in the first variant of (12) denotes the place, but gives no exact information as to whether the spoon is put into the mug or laid across the mug, or alternatively beside it (the listener must deduce this from the context). The relational NP is more explicit, specifying the search domain and clearly stating that the spoon is put <phrase role="Beispiele">into </phrase>the mug.</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="8"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="57.0pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="70.9pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="68.1pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="17.3pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="63.6pt" colnum="6" /><colspec colname="col7" colwidth="81.4pt" colnum="7" /><colspec colname="col8" colwidth="88.1pt" colnum="8" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">12)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Án</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">mooqúta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xenqóon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">~</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xenqó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">aazéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">afuushsh-éemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">1</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">spoon.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">mug.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">~</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">mug.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">interior.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col8" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">put</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+pal+gem)-1sg.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col8" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I put the spoon into the mug.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">instrumental-comitative-perlative </phrase>form of inanimate nouns expresses means and instruments.</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="56.4pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="64.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="114.5pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Text11">13a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Beispiele">Xaasá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Beispiele">baacaséen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Beispiele">fánn-eemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Text10">tin.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Text10">sickle.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Text10">open</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+gem)-1sg.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3" /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col4" align="left"><para role="Formatvorlage3"><phrase role="Text11">I opened the tin with a sickle.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="66.4pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="116.7pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">13b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Faashshíin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">wáall-eemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">horse.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">come</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">(+gem)-1sg.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I came on horseback. </phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>The <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp </phrase>encodes companions or additions (‘plus’).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="57.0pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="50.3pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="67.1pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">14a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Án</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">kesáan</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">mar-áamm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">1</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">2</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">go-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">1sg.ipv</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col4" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">I will go with you.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="88.9pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="166.8pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">14b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">birrá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">shilingíinee-t.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">birr.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">shilling.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.icp.vv-cop</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">It is [one] birr and [one] shilling. (= Price: 1.50 Birr)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Motion verbs require the <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp </phrase>to mark the place through, across or along which one moves. </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="26.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="186.3pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="35.3pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">15)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">koofíin</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hig-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">area:between:legs.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.icp</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">pass-</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">to pass through the legs (e.g. a ball)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><40></para><para>Some relational nouns may be locative II-marked or <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>-marked to express differing, but related spatial relations. The noun <phrase role="Beispiele">aazí</phrase> ‘interior’ differentiates the <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">aazíin </phrase>‘under(neath), below’ and the locative II <phrase role="Beispiele">aazéen </phrase>‘inside, under’; <phrase role="Beispiele">alí </phrase>‘top’ has the <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase> <phrase role="Beispiele">alíin </phrase>‘above’ and the locative II <phrase role="Beispiele">aléen </phrase>‘on’.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><41></para><para>Blake (1994) only reports about languages which have a separate marker for the perlative, but maybe the polysemy of the <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp</phrase>-marker is typologically not as surprising as it might seem at first sight, because Luraghi (1991:67) reports about a polysemous case reconstructed for Proto-European and Old Indic which also encodes the instrument and the place passed.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><42></para><para>The status, distribution, and semantics of <phrase role="Kapitälchen">vocative </phrase>and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">locative I </phrase>are not entirely clear. If Comrie’s (1991) recommendations for delimiting cases are applied strictly, it is not even sure yet whether we are dealing with two cases or with just one. So far no declension was found that differentiates vocative and locative I. But note that for some declensions in Table 1 the vocative and locative I cell remained empty due to lack of data. If no formal difference between the two is found for any declension, one would have to assume a single polysemous case marker.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><43></para><para>The status of the vocative as a case is questioned in the literature. If case is defined according to Blake (1994:1) as marking dependent nouns for the type of relation they bear to their heads, then, strictly speaking, the vocative cannot be considered a case, since its most frequent function is to address. Apart from this it serves as citation form, not only for proper nouns, but for common nouns as well (like the accusative). As an example of its use in texts consider (16a).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="39.1pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="74.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="75.1pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="100.3pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="83.7pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="110.6pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">16a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Ciilíi</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">su’mmá</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Ayyáano</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">y-í-n</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">fushsh-i-néemm.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">infant.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.dat</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">name.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10"><emphasis>proper:noun</emphasis>.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.voc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">say-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">ep-1pl.pco</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">take:out-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">ep-1pl.pve</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col6" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">We called the child 'Ayyaano”. </phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="97.0pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="63.6pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="82.5pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="106.0pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="98.1pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">16b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Ti</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ázut</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">zomború</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">y-am-án-t</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ga’’-an-táa’u.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">dep:dem1.f.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">milk.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">first:milk.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">say-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">pass-pass(+ass)-3f.pco</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">call-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">pass(+ass)-3f.ipv</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col6" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">This milk is called zomboru [first milk of a cow].</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Instead of a vocative, the verb <phrase role="Beispiele">y-</phrase> ‘say’ can also have an accusative complement (16b). Accordingly, the functions of vocative and accusative overlap.</para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><44></para><para>The locative I encodes oblique objects and local adverbials. It is rarely used in elicited sentences, but in natural discourse and texts it appears quite frequently, even though not as often as the locative II. A certain set of nouns occurs in the locative I in preference to the locative II. The nouns of this set seem to be inherently definite, e.g. <phrase role="Beispiele">míne </phrase>‘in the house’, <phrase role="Beispiele">gáte </phrase>‘in the backyard’, <phrase role="Beispiele">anshára </phrase>‘under the bed (= the only one that one usually owns)’ (17a). Frequently attested is the locative I form of place names (17b), whereas the locative II of these nouns is rather uncommon. Temporal adverbials can occur in the locative I (17c).</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="103.2pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="84.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="132.6pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="105.7pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">17a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Lokkáachchi-s</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">fushsh-í</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">anshára</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">afuushsh-ée-’e.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">feet.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.abl-3m.poss</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">take:out-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.pco</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">area:under:the:bed.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">put-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">3m.pve-1sg.obj</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">He took me from his feet and put me under the bed. (Kambaatissata III:48)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="35.7pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="61.6pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="61.6pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="102.0pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="184.2pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">17b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Biishsháta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">meseléeta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Beqéra</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">moog-éemma.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">red.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">girl.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10"><emphasis>proper:noun</emphasis>.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">bury-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3hon.ipv</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">A red girl is buried in Beqera. (= Riddle)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.2pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="75.9pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="73.1pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="63.1pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="72.0pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="75.9pt" colnum="6" /><colspec colname="col7" colwidth="63.1pt" colnum="7" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">17c)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Fúlo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">miní</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xuud-áno</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">áago</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hadáta</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xuud-áno.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">go:out.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">house.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">see-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.ipv</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">Enter.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">outside.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col7" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">see-3</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.ipv</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col7" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">When going, out it sees the house, when entering, it sees the outside. (= Riddle)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><45></para><para>Sometimes the locative I is in free variation with the <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp </phrase>and encodes a companion or instrument (18a, b).<phrase role="endnote reference"><footnote><para role="Endnote"><phrase role="endnote reference" /> As examples (18a) and (18b) show, the term 'locative' is not really adequate for the short case form. But because the term 'oblique' is reserved for the non-nom-acc case of nominal modifiers and should not be applied again and because the short case form formally resembles the locative II most, the term 'locative I' is favoured.</para></footnote></phrase></para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="136.2pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="73.6pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="135.9pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="80.4pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">18a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Bajigo-’óo</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">ánnu</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">fóole ( ~ foolíin)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">yóomma-ba’a.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><emphasis lang="it">proper:noun</emphasis><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">-assoc.f.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">father.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.nom</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">soul.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.locI</phrase><phrase role="Text10"> ( ~ soul.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.icp</phrase><phrase role="Text10">)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">be.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3hon-neg</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">The father of Bajigo and his siblings is no longer alive. (Kambaatissata III:100)</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="131.8pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="187.7pt" colnum="3" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">18b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">ánga ( ~ angáan)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">xuunsh-amm-ée-na </phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">hand.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.locI</phrase><phrase role="Text10"> ( ~ hand.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.icp</phrase><phrase role="Text10">)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">squeeze-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">pass(+gem)-3m.pve.rel-crd</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="11.8pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="121.2pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="118.4pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="92.0pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="124.8pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">lókka ( ~ lokkáan)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xuunsh-amm-ée</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hoogó</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">bu’llaháa</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">foot.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.locI</phrase><phrase role="Text10"> ( ~ foot.f.icp)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">squeeze-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">pass(+gem)-3m.pve.rel</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">enset:juice.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.gen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">enset:starch.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.acc.crd</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">[…] and starch from the enset juice which was squeezed [out of the enset pulp] by hand and squeezed [out of the enset pulp] by foot.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><46></para><para>In contrast to vocative nouns (19a), locative I nouns cannot be modified (19b), neither by an adjective or relative clause nor by a possessive pronoun. If one wants to modify a locative noun, it has to be locative II-marked.</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="133.7pt" colnum="2" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">19a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">Adabéechcho-’e!</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">boy.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">sg.m.voc-1sg.poss</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">My little boy!</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung" /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="36.5pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="58.1pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="75.3pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="19.9pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="253.2pt" colnum="5" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">(19b)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">*ábba</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">míne</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">/ </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">*míne-’e</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">big.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.obl</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">house.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">/</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">house.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.locI-1sg.poss</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">in the big house </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">/</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">in my house</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para role="Absatznummerierung"><47></para><para>Apart from this syntactical difference (+/- capable of governing a modifier), it is still an unsettled problem whether locative I and II or locative I and <phrase role="Kapitälchen">icp (</phrase>18a, b<phrase role="Kapitälchen">) </phrase>are semantically different. It is not known either whether there are verbs which only tolerate one or the other locative case form. There are, however, many cases like in (20) in which both can be used interchangeably. </para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="32.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="147.6pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="80.9pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="79.5pt" colnum="4" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">20a)</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">It-eennó-ra</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">hi’rrú</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">agúrr</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">eat-</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">3hon.ipv.rel-pl.m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">buy.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">m.acc</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">leave.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.pco</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para /><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="30.0pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="123.7pt" colnum="2" /><colspec colname="col3" colwidth="93.7pt" colnum="3" /><colspec colname="col4" colwidth="17.3pt" colnum="4" /><colspec colname="col5" colwidth="90.9pt" colnum="5" /><colspec colname="col6" colwidth="83.6pt" colnum="6" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">gizzá-s</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">haraqéen</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">~</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">haráqe</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Beispiele">xoof-áyyoo’u.</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">money.</phrase><phrase role="Text10_Kapitälchen">m.acc-3m.poss</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col3" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">alcohol<emphasis>:sp</emphasis>.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.locII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col4" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">~</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col5" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">alcohol:<emphasis>sp</emphasis>.</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">f.locI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col6" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text10">finish-</phrase><phrase role="Text10 Kapitälchen">3m.prog</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para /></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" namest="col2" nameend="col6" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text11">Instead of buying food, he spends his money on alcohol<emphasis lang="en-GB">:sp</emphasis>.</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable></section><section><title>Final Remarks</title><para role="Absatznummerierung"><48></para><para>While the present article had to be confined to case marking on nominals, case in Kambaata is not only used to mark nominals for the type of relation they bear to their heads, but also to mark subordinate verbs, or rather clauses, for the type of relation they bear to their main clause. Kambaata does not only lack adpositions but also conjunctions. The markers of subordinate clauses are of nominal origin and are case-marked. When in the course of time these nominal subordinate markers became more and more attached to the preceding verb (a modifying relative verb), they developed into enclitics and suffixes, so that today subordinate verb plus head noun plus case marker create one complex whole. This phenomenon, however, will have to be discussed in a separate publication.</para><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">Acknowledgments</phrase></para><para role="Absatznummerierung"><49></para><para>The data for this article was collected during two field trips to Duuraame (KT-Zone, SNNPRS, Ethiopia) in October and November 2002 and from April to October 2003. I especially thank my informants Aberra Gebrewold, Filiphos Paulos, Mathewos Shagana, Tessema Handiso, Tseganesh Leggese, and Markos Wedajo with whom I worked on the topic of this article, the <emphasis>Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</emphasis> for generously funding the project <emphasis>Grammatische und lexikalische Dokumentation des Hochlandostkuschitischen </emphasis>(2002-2005) and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal for very helpful comments on an earlier draft of the article. Further thanks go to the organisers and participants of the 4<superscript>th</superscript> International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic Languages in Leiden, April 10-12, 2003.</para><informaltable frame="none"><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="90.9pt" colnum="1" /><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="183.6pt" colnum="2" /><tbody><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">Abbreviations</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung" /></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">ABL</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">ablative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">ACC </phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">accusative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">Amh.</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">Amharic</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">ASS</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">assimilation</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">ASSOC</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">associative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">CAUS</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">causative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">CRD</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">coordination marker</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">COP</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">copula</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">DAT</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">dative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">DEM</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">demonstrative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">DEP</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">dependent/determining</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">EP</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">epenthesis</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">F</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">feminine</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">GEM</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">gemination</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">GEN</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">genitive</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Kapitälchen">hon</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="left"><para><phrase role="Text12">honorific/impersonal</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">ICP</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">instrumental-comitative-perlative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">ICO</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">imperfective converb</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">IDP</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">independent/pronominal</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">IMP</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">imperative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">IPV</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">imperfective</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">LOCI</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">short locative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">LOCII</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">long locative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">M</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">masculine</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">MET</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">metathesis</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">NEG</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">negation</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">NOM</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">nominative</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">OBJ</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">object</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">OBL</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">oblique</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">PAL</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">palatalization</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">PCO</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">perfective converb</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">PVO</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-o</phrase><phrase role="Text12">-perfective</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">PVE</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">-e-</phrase><phrase role="Text12">perfective</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">PL</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">plural</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">POSS</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">possessive</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">PROG</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">progressive</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">REFL</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">reflexive</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">REL</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">relative clause marker</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Kapitälchen">SG</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">singular</phrase></para></entry></row><row><entry colname="col1" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Beispiele">sp.</phrase></para></entry><entry colname="col2" valign="top" rowsep="0" colsep="0" align="justify"><para role="Übersetzung"><phrase role="Text12">species</phrase></para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para><phrase role="Hervorheben">References</phrase></para><para role="Autoren">Abebe Gebre-Tsadik, Margaret and Ronald J. Sim, Charlotte and Klaus Wedekind 1985</para><para role="Quellen">'The verb morphophonemics of five highland East Cushitic languages including Burji,' <phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere </phrase>2</para><para role="Autoren">Anbessa Teferra 2000</para><para role="Quellen">A Grammar of Sidaama. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Hebrew University of Jerusalem</para><para role="Autoren">Blake, Barry J. 1994</para><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Case.</phrase> (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</para><para role="Autoren">Comrie, Bernard 1991</para><para role="Quellen">'Form and Function in Identifying Cases,' in: Plank 1991a, pp.41-55</para><para role="Autoren">Crass, Joachim 2005</para><para role="Quellen"><emphasis>Das K’abeena. Deskriptive Grammatik einer hochlandostkuschitischen Sprache</emphasis>. Köln: Köppe</para><para role="Autoren">Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (ed.) 2005.</para><para role="Quellen"><emphasis>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</emphasis>, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International (<ulink url="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=ktb"><phrase role="Hyperlink">Kambaata</phrase></ulink>)</para><para role="Autoren">Haspelmath, Martin 2002</para><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Understanding Morphology.</phrase> (Understanding Language Series) London: Arnold</para><para role="Autoren">Hudson, Grover 1976</para><para role="Quellen">'Highland East Cushitic,' in Bender, M. Lionel (ed.) <phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia</phrase>, pp.232-277. East Lansing, MI: African Studies Center, Michigan State University</para><para role="Autoren"><phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Kambaatissata. Rosaanchi Maxaafa. Sakki Kifila</phrase> 1989</para><para role="Quellen">[Kambaata Language. School Book. Grade III]<phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">.</phrase> E.C. Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State: Education Bureau</para><para role="Autoren"><phrase role="QuellenKursiv_Zchn1">Kambaatissata. Rosaanchi Maxaafa. Shoolki Kifila</phrase> 1989</para><para role="Quellen">[Kambaata Language. School Book. Grade IV]<phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">.</phrase> E.C. Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State: Education Bureau</para><para role="Autoren">Korhonen, Elsa, Mirja Saksa and Ronald James Sim 1986</para><para role="Quellen">'A dialect study of Kambaata – Hadiyya,' <phrase role="QuellenKursiv_Zchn1">Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere</phrase> 5:5-41, 6:71-122</para><para role="Autoren">Luraghi, Silvia 1991</para><para role="Quellen">'Paradigm size, possible syncretism, and the use of adpositions with cases in flective languages,' in: Plank (ed.) 1991a, pp.57-74</para><para role="Autoren">Plank, Frans (ed.) 1991a</para><para role="Quellen"><phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Paradigms: The Economy of Inflection</phrase>. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter</para><para role="Autoren">Plank, Frans 1991b</para><para role="Quellen">'Of abundance and scantiness in inflection: a typological prelude,' in: Plank 1991a, pp.1-39</para><para role="Autoren">Plank, Frans 1991c</para><para role="Quellen">'Rasmus Rask’s Dilemma,' in: Plank 1991a, pp.161-196</para><para role="Autoren">Sasse, Hans-Jürgen 1984</para><para role="Quellen">'Case in Cushitic, Semitic and Berber,' in: Bynon, James (ed.). <phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Current Progress in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics: Papers of the Third International Hamito-Semitic Congress, p</phrase>p.111-126. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins</para><para role="Autoren">Schneider-Blum, Gertrud forthc.</para><para role="Quellen">'Case System in Alaaba (HEC).' To appear in: <phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Proceedings of the 15th 'International Conference of Ethiopian Studies</phrase>, 20-25 July 2003, University of Hamburg</para><para role="Autoren">Sheleme Kitata 1989</para><para role="Quellen">Noun Morphology of Kambata. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Addis Ababa University</para><para role="Autoren">Sim, M.G. 1988</para><para role="Quellen">'Palatalisation and Gemination in the Kambaata Verb,' <phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Journal of Afro-Asiatic Languages </phrase>1,1:58-65</para><para role="Autoren">Sim, R.J. 1988</para><para role="Quellen">'The Verb in Northern Highland East Cushitic.' In: Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst and Fritz Serzisko (eds.). <phrase role="QuellenKursiv Zchn1">Cushitic – Omotic. Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6-9, 1986</phrase>, pp.433-452. Hamburg: Buske.</para><para role="Autoren">Sim, R.J. 1989</para><para role="Quellen">Predicate Conjoining in Hadiyya: A Head-Driven PS Grammar. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Edinburgh: Department of Linguistics</para><para role="Autoren">Treis, Yvonne 2005</para><para role="Quellen">'Avoiding Their Names, Avoiding Their Eyes: How Kambaata Women Respect Their In-Laws,' <emphasis>Anthropological Linguistics </emphasis>47, 3:292-320.</para></section></article>
