Beja Pedagogical Grammar

Wedekind, Klaus; Wedekind, Charlotte; Musa, Abuzeinab

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Verbs and Clauses

Verbal Predicates

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In the previous sections (especially Nominal Predicates), nominal predicates were discussed. They are used to identify or describe things, and they employ adjectives or nouns.

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In the following sections verbal predicates will be discussed. They are used to talk about events, and they employ verbs.

Weak and Strong Verbs

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A Beja dictionary of verbs would have two kinds of verbs - about 50% each: The first kind uses suffixes to express the subject, as in geed-an 'threw-Sg1'. The other uses prefixes to express the subject, as in a-gid 'Sg1-threw'.

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The verbs which take suffixes are called weak verbs (or class 1 verbs), and they are considered more simple. They will be introduced first. The others are called strong verbs (or class 2 verbs), and they will be introduced later.

Weak Verbs: Subject Suffixes

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There are only two basic paradigms for Beja tenses or aspects: (1) past, perfect and (2) present, imperfect. Most of the time, these two will simply be called past and present.

Verb Paradigms

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The focus will now be on the past and present tense of weak verbs in their positive (affirmative) forms. A full discussion of negative verb forms will follow later, but for the sake of completeness, the tables will include the negative forms even at this stage. Two important things should be noted for all paradigms:

The past positive and present negative use the same verb stem. The only difference is the negative prefix ka- 'not'.
In the plural of participles, the pitch-accent shifts towards the beginning of the word.

Verbs Ending in Consonants

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The subject suffixes of weak verbs are most easily recognized in verbs which end in consonants, such as yak- 'to start' or tam- 'to eat' (see below). For this reason, a verb stem which ends in a consonant will serve as the main paradigm for weak verbs.

The Paradigm of 'to arise, start'

Impv:	Impv:		Neg Impv:	Neg Impv:
yakaa!	Start (M)!	يَكا!	baayakaa!	Don't start (M)!	بايَكا!
yakii!	Start (F)!	يَكِي!	biiyakii!	Don't start (F)!	بٍييَكَيے!
yakaana!	Start (Pl)!	يَكانه!	baayakaana!	Don't start (Pl)!	بايَكانه!
Ptcp:	Ptcp:		Neg Ptcp:	Neg Ptcp:
yakaab	started (M)	يَكاب	baayakay	not started	بايَكَي
Past:	Past:		Neg Past:	Neg Past:
yakan	I started.	يَكَن	yakaab kaaki	I didn't start.	يَكاب كاكے
yaktaa	You (M) started.	يَكتا	yakaab kittaa	You (M) didn't start.	يَكاب كِتّا
yaktaayi	You (F) started.	يَكتايے	yakaat kittaayi	You (F) didn't start.	يَكات كِتّايے
yakiya	He started.	يَكِيه	yakaab kiiki	He didn't start.	يَكاب كٍيكے
yakta	She started.	يَكته	yakaat kitti	She didn't start.	يَكات كِتّے
yakna	We started.	يَكنه	yakaab kinki	We didn't start.	يَكاب كِنكے
yaktaana	You (Pl) started.	يَكتانه	yakaab kitteena	You (Pl) didn't start.	يَكاب كِتّێنه
yakiyaan	They started.	يَكِيان	yakaab kiikeen	They didn't start.	يَكاب كٍيكێن
Pres:	Pres:		Neg Pres:	Neg Pres:
yakani	I start.	يَكَنے	kayakan	I don't start.	كَيَكَن
yaktiniya	You (M) start.	يَكتِنِيه	kayaktaa	You (M) don't start.	كَيَكتا
yaktinii	You (F) start.	يَكتِنِي	kayaktaayi	You (F) don't start.	كَيَكتايے
yakiini	He starts.	يَكٍينے	kayakiya	He doesn't start.	كَيَكِيه
yaktini	She starts.	يَكتِنے	kayakta	She doesn't start.	كَيَكته
yaknay	We start.	يَكنَي	kayakna	We don't start.	كَيَكنه
yakteena	You (Pl) start.	يَكتێنه	kayaktaana	You (Pl) don't start.	كَيَكتانه
yakeen	They start.	يَكێن	kayakiyaan	They don't start.	كَيَكِيان
Fut:	Fut:		Neg Fut:	Neg Fut:
yaki andi	I will start.	يَكے أندے	yaki kaadi	I won't start.	يَكے كادے
Past Cont:	Past Cont:		Neg Past Cont:	Neg Past:
yaki	I was starting.	يَكے	yakaab kaaki	I didn't start.	يَكاب كاكے
yaktiya	You (M) were starting.	يَكتِيه	yakaab kittaa	You (M) didn't start.	يَكاب كِتّا
yaktiyi	You (F) were starting.	يَكتِيے	yakaat kittaayi	You (F) didn't start.	يَكات كِتّايے
yaki	He was starting.	يَكے	yakaab kiiki	He didn't start.	يَكاب كٍيكے
yakti	She was starting.	يَكتے	yakaat kitti	She didn't start.	يَكات كِتّے
yakni	We were starting.	يَكنے	yakaab kinki	We didn't start.	يَكاب كِنكے
yaktiina	You (Pl) were starting.	يَكتٍينه	yakaab kitteena	You (Pl) didn't start.	يَكاب كِتّێنه
yakiin	They were starting.	يَكٍين	yakaab kiikeen	They didn't start.	يَكاب كٍيكێن
Noun of Action:	Noun of Action:
u-yakti	the starting	أُ- يَكتے

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Here are some of the most frequent weak verbs. All weak verbs have the same basic pattern as yak- 'to start'.

List of the most frequent Weak Verbs

M'aa!	Come (very frequent)!	مآ!
Yakaa!	Start, arise (very frequent)!	يَكا!
Rhaa!	See (very frequent)!	رها!
Areeyaa!	Like, love (very frequent)!	أرێيا!
Giigaa!	Go away, leave (frequent)!	قٍيقا!
Sooyaa!	Tell, inform (frequent)!	سۆيا!
Daayaa!	Do (frequent)!	دايا!

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If a weak verb ends in a consonant, the suffix forms are exactly the same as for yak- in the paradigm above. If however the verb ends in a vowel or a glottal stop (h or hamzah), some minor adjustments of sounds need to be made. They will be presented further below.

Past Tense of 'to eat'

Taman.	I ate.	تَمَن.
Tamtaa.	You (M) ate.	تَمتا.
Tamtaayi.	You (F) ate.	تَمتايے.
Tamiya.	He ate.	تَمِيه.
Tamta.	She ate.	تَمته.
Tamna.	We ate.	تَمنه.
Tamtaana.	You (Pl) ate.	تَمتانه.
Tamiyaan.	They ate.	تَمِيان.

Negative Present Tense of 'to eat'

Kataman.	I don't eat.	كَتَمَن.
Katamtaa.	You (M) don't eat.	كَتَمتا.
Katamtaayi.	You (F) don't eat.	كَتَمتايے.
Katamiya.	He doesn't eat.	كَتَمِيه.
Katamta.	She doesn't eat.	كَتَمته.
Katamna.	We don't eat.	كَتَمنه.
Katamtaana.	You (Pl) don't eat.	كَتَمتانه.
Katamiyaan.	They don't eat.	كَتَمِيان.

Present Tense of 'to eat'

Tamani.	I eat, am eating.	تَمَنے.
Tamtiniya.	You (M) eat, are eating.	تَمتِنِيه.
Tamtinii.	You (F) eat, are eating.	تَمتِنِي.
Tamiini.	He eats, is eating.	تَمٍينے.
Tamtini, tamtini.	She eats, is eating.	تَمتِنے, تَمتِنے
Tamnay.	We eat, are eating.	تَمنَي.
Tamteena.	You (Pl) eat, are eating.	تَمتێنه.
Tameen.	They eat, are eating.	تَمێن.

Verbs Ending in Vowels 1

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The verb 'to come' starts with a glottal stop (hamzah) and ends in a vowel. Therefore some of its forms differ from those of other weak verbs, such as the first person singular y'an, y'ani and the third person plural y'een. Actually, this is the only weak verb which appears to be irregular, in particular because its imperative m'aa! is derived from an entirely different root [15].

Past Tense of 'to come'

Y'an.	I came	يِأَن.
Eetaa.	You (M) came.	ێتا.
Eetaayi.	You (F) came.	ێتايے.
Eeya, eeyiya.	He came.	ێيه, ێ يِيه.
Eeta.	She came.	ێته.
Eena.	We came.	ێنه.
Eetaana.	You (Pl) came.	ێتانه.
Eeyaan, eeyiyaan.	They came.	ێيان, ێيِيان.

Negative Present Tense of 'to come'

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The verb initial glottal stop (hamzah) appears, when the negative prefix is attached. Compare eetaa and ka'eetaa.

Kay'an.	I don't come.	كَيِأَن.
Ka'eetaa.	You (M) don't come.	كَئێتا.
Ka'eetaayi.	You (F) don't come.	كَئێتايے.
Ka'eeya.	He doesn't come.	كَئێيه.
Ka'eeta.	She doesn't come.	كَئێته.
Ka'eena.	We don't come.	كَئێنه.
Ka'eetaana.	You (Pl) don't come.	كَئێتانه.
Ka'eeyaan.	They don't come.	كَئێيان.

Present Tense of 'to come'

Y'ani.	I come / am coming.	يِأَنے.
Eetiniya.	You (M) come, are coming.	ێتِنِيه.
Eetinii, eetnii.	You (F) come, are coming.	ێتِنِي, ێ تنِي.
Eeyiini, aayiini.	He comes, is coming.	ێيٍينے.
Eetni.	She comes, is coming.	ێتنے.
Eenay.	We come, are coming.	ێنَي.
Eeteena.	You (Pl) come, are coming.	ێتێنه.
Y'een.	They come, are coming.	يِئێن.

Verbs Ending in Glottal Sounds

Past Tense of 'to drink'

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For verbs which end in glottal sounds (h or hamzah), the vowel a is inserted between the stem and the suffix - unless the subject suffix starts with a vowel. For instance, compare gw'-an and gw'-a-taa.

Gw'an.	I drank.	قْوأَن.
Gw'ataa.	You (M) drank.	قْوأَتا.
Gw'ataayi.	You (F) drank.	قْوأَتايے.
Gw'iya.	He drank.	قْوإِيه.
Gw'ata.	She drank.	قْوأَته.
Gw'ana.	We drank.	قْوأَنه.
Gw'ataana.	You (Pl) drank.	قْوأَتانه.
Gw'iyaan.	They drank.	قْوإِيان.

Present Tense of 'to drink'

Gw'ani.	I drink.	قْوأَنے.
Gw'atiniya.	You (M) drink.	قْوأَتِنِيه.
Gw'atnii.	You (F) drink.	قْوأَتنِي.
Gw'iini.	He drinks.	قْوإينے.
Gw'atni.	She drinks.	قْوأَتنے.
Gw'anay.	We drink.	قْوأَنَي.
Gw'ateena.	You (Pl) drink.	قْوأَتێنه.
Gw'een.	They drink.	قْوئێن.

Past Tense of 'to see'

Rhan.	I saw (sth.).	رهَن.
Rhitaa.	You (M) saw.	رهِتا.
Rhitaayi.	You (F) saw.	رهِتايے.
Rhiya.	He saw.	رهِيه.
Rhita.	She saw.	رهِته.
Rhina.	We saw.	رهِنه.
Rhitaana.	You (Pl) saw.	رهِتانه.
Rhiyaan.	They saw.	رهِيان.

Present Tense of 'to see'

Rhani.	I see (sth.).	رهَنے.
Rhitiniya.	You (M) see.	رهِتِنِيه.
Rhitnii.	You (F) see.	رهِتنِي.
Rhiini.	He sees	رهٍينے.
Rhitni.	She sees.	رهِتنے.
Rhinay.	We see.	رهِنَي.
Rhateena.	You (Pl) see.	رهَتێنه.
Rheen.	They see.	رهێن.

Verbs Ending in Vowels 2

Past Tense of 'to read'

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For verbs which end in vowels, -y is inserted if a suffix starts with a vowel.

Agriiyani.	I read, study.	أقرٍييَنے.
Agriitniya.	You (M) read, study.	أقرٍيتنِيه.
Agriitnii, agriitniyi.	You (F) read, study.	أقرٍيتنِي, أقرٍيتنِيے.
Agriiyiini.	He reads, studies.	أقرٍييٍينے.
Agriitni.	She reads, studies.	أقرٍيتنے.
Agriinay.	We read, study.	أقرٍينَي.
Agriiteena.	You (Pl) read, study.	أقرٍيتێنه.
Agriiyeen.	They read, study.	أقرٍييێن.

Negative Present Tense of 'to read'

Ka'agriiyan.	I don't read, study.	كَأَقرٍييَن.
Ka'agriitaa.	You (M) don't read, study.	كَأَقرٍيتا.
Ka'agriitaayi.	You (F) don't read, study.	كَأَقرٍيتايے.
Ka'agriiya.	He doesn't read, study.	كَأَقرٍييه.
Ka'agriita.	She doesn't read, study.	كَأَقرٍيته.
Ka'agriina.	We don't read, study.	كَأَقرٍينه.
Ka'agriitaana.	You (Pl) don't read, study.	كَأَقرٍيتانه.
Ka'agriiyaan.	They don't read, study.	كَأَقرٍييان.

Verbs Ending in Vowels 3

Present Tense of 'to like'

Areeyani.	I like.	أرێيَنے.
Areetniya.	You (M) like.	أرێتنِيه.
Areetnii.	You (F) like.	أرێتنِي.
Areeyiini.	He likes.	أرێيٍينے.
Areetni.	She likes.	أرێتنے.
Areenay.	We like.	أرێنَي.
Areeteena.	You (Pl) like.	أرێتێنه.
Areeyeen.	They like.	أرێيێن.

Negative Present Tense of 'to like'

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The transitive verb aree- 'to like' - before a direct object - starts and ends with a vowel - so the usual adjustments need to be made.

Ka'areeyan.	I don't like.	كَأَرێيَن.
Ka'areetaa.	You (M) don't like.	كَأَرێتا.
Ka'areetaayi.	You (F) don't like.	كَأَرێتايے.
Ka'areeya, ka'areeyiya.	He doesn't like.	كَأَرێيه, كَأَرێيِيه.
Ka'areeta.	She doesn't like.	كَأَرێته.
Ka'areena.	We don't like.	كَأَرێنه.
Ka'areetaana.	You (Pl) don't like.	كَأَرێتانه.
Ka'areeyaan, ka'areeyiyaan.	They don't like.	كَأَرێيان, كَأَرێيِيان.

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As an auxiliary, introducing a sentencial complement, a shorter form of aree is used.

Negative Present Tense of 'to like' (short form)

Karan.	I don't like (to do sth.).	كَرَن.
Kareetaa.	You (M) don't like (to do sth.).	كَرێتا.
Kareetaayi.	You (F) don't like (to do sth.).	كَرێتايے.
Kareeya.	He doesn't like (to do sth.).	كَرێيه.
Kareeta.	She doesn't like (to do sth.).	كَرێته.
Kareena.	We don't like (to do sth.).	كَرێنه.
Kareetaana.	You (Pl) don't like (to do sth.).	كَرێتانه.
Kareeyaan.	They don't like (to do sth.).	كَرێيان.

Past and Present Tense Verb Forms

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Since the past and present forms of the third person are quite different from each other, it is suggested to study these with a list of verbs such as here below.

Afirhiya / afirhiini.	He rejoiced / He rejoices.	أفِرهِيه / أفِرهٍينے.
Afreeyiya / afreeyiini.	He was bad / He is bad.	أفرێيِيه / أفرێيٍينے.
Anf'iya / anf'iini.	He was fit / He is fit.	أنفإِيه / أنفإينے.
Assiya / assiini.	He covered / He covers.	أسِّيه / أسٍّينے.
Bireetiya / bireetiini.	It rained / It rains.	بِرێتِيه / بِرێتٍينے.
Daasiya / daasiini.	He put / He puts.	داسِيه / داسٍينے.
Daayiya / daayiini.	He did / He does.	دايِيه / دايٍينے.
Hasamiya / hasamiini.	He passed / He passes.	هَسَمِيه / هَسَمٍينے.
Hawsooya, hawsooyiya / hawsooyiini.	He dreamt / He dreams.	هَوسۆيه, هَوسۆيِيه / هَوسۆيٍينے.
Hiisiya / hiisiini, hiisiyiini.	He thought / He thinks.	هٍيسِيه / هٍيسٍينے.
Jarrabiya / jarrabiini.	He tried / He tries.	جَرَّبِيه / جَرَّبٍينے.
Kwinhiya / kwinhiini.	He sounded, shouted / He sounds, shouts.	كْوِنهِيه / كْوِنهٍينے.
Lingwuuyiya / lingwuuyiini.	He sent / He sends.	لِنقْوٌويِيه / لِنقْوٌويٍينے.
Mitiyaayiya / mitiyaayiini.	He described / He describes.	مِتِيايِيه / مِتِيايٍينے.
Neewiya / neewiini.	He insulted / He insults.	نێوِيه / نێوٍينے.
Nuuniya / nuuniini.	He sent, handed / He sends, hands.	نٌونِيه / نٌونٍينے.
Rafoofiya / rafoofiini.	He beat / He beats.	رَفۆفِيه / رَفۆفٍينے.
Saffagiya / saffagiini.	He clapped hands / He claps hands.	سَفَّقِيه / سَفَّقٍينے.
Tawwariya / tawwariini.	He developed / He develops.	تَوَّرِيه / تَوَّرٍينے.

Imperatives

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From the imperatives it is easy to recognize whether a verb is weak or strong. Here follows another list of the imperatives of weak verbs. The most frequent ones are marked and should be studied first.

Imperatives: Weak Verbs by Frequencies

Adgiraa / adgirii / adgiraana!	Be able (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	أدقِرا / أدقِرِي / أدقِرانه!
Afasaa / afasii / afasaana!	Explain, make known (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أفَسا / أفَسِي / أفَسانه!
Afhamaa / afhamii / afhamaana!	Understand (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أفهَما / أفهَمِي / أفهَمانه!
Afooyaa / afooyii / afooyaana!	Forgive (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أفۆيا / أفۆيِي / أفۆيانه!
Agriiyaa / agriiyii / agriiyaana!	Read (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أقرٍييا / أقرٍييِي / أقرٍييانه!
Areeyaa / areeyii / areeyaana!	Want, like (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	أرێيا / أرێيِي / أرێيانه!
Asbiraa / asbirii / asbiraana!	Be patient (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أسبِرا / أسبِرِي / أسبِرانه!
Assaa / assii / assaana!	Cover (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أسّا / أسِّي / أسّانه!
B'aa! / B'ii / b'aana!	Lie down (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	بآ! / بإي / بآنه!
Badooyaa / badooyii / badooyaana!	Begin (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	بَدۆيا / بَدۆيِي / بَدۆيانه!
Bhaliiyaa / bhaliiyii / bhaliiyaana!	Speak, Talk (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	بهَلٍييا / بهَلٍييِي / بهَلٍييانه!
Daayaa / daayii / daayaana!	Do (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	دايا / دايِي / دايانه!
Dhaabaa / Dhaabii / dhaabaana!	Run (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	ڈابا / ڈابِي / ڈابانه!
Dhibaa / dhibii / dhibaana!	Fall (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	ڈِبا / ڈِبِي / ڈِبانه!
Diiraa / Diirii / diiraana!	Stare (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دٍيرا / دٍيرِي / دٍيرانه!
Diwaa / diwii / diwaana!	Sleep (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دِوا / دِوِي / دِوانه!
Faayisaa / faayisii / faayisaana!	Finish something (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فايِسا / فايِسِي / فايِسانه!
Fagaramaa / fagaramii / fagaramaana!	Have courage (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فَقَرَما / فَقَرَمِي / فَقَرَمانه!
Fartakaa / fartakii / fartakaana!	Disperse (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فَرتَكا / فَرتَكِي / فَرتَكانه!
Fiinaa / fiinii / fiinaana!	Rest (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فٍينا / فٍينِي / فٍينانه!
Giigaa / giigii / giigaana!	Leave, go away (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	قٍيقا / قٍيقِي / قٍيقانه!
Gw'aa / gw'ii / gw'aana!	Drink (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	قْوآ / قْوإي / قْوآنه!
Gw'asaa / gw'asii / gw'asaana!	Give to drink (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	قْوأَسا / قْوأَسِي / قْوأَسانه!
Gwuugamaa / gwuugamii / gwuugamaana!	Look (quickly) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	قْوٌوقَما / قْوٌوقَمِي / قْوٌوقَمانه!
Ha'aa / ha'ii / haam'aana!	Bring (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (very frequent)	هَآ / هَإي / هامآنه!
Hadiidaa / hadiidii / hadiidaana!	Talk (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هَدٍيدا / هَدٍيدِي / هَدٍيدانه!
Hawaayaa / hawaayii / hawaayaana!	Play (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هَوايا / هَوايِي / هَوايانه!
Hiisaa / hiisii / hiisaana!	Think (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هٍيسا / هٍيسِي / هٍيسانه!
Hireeraa / hireerii / hireeraana!	Walk (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هِرێرا / هِرێرِي / هِرێرانه!
Hukwumaa / hukwumii / hukwumaana!	Rule, govern, decide (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هُكْوُما / هُكْوُمِي / هُكْوُمانه!
Iibaabaa / iibaabii / iibaabaana!	Travel (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	إيبابا / إيبابِي / إيبابانه!
Jarrabaa / jarrabii / jarrabaana!	Try (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	جَرَّبا / جَرَّبِي / جَرَّبانه!
Kafaa / kafii / kafaana!	Sing / dance (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	كَفا / كَفِي / كَفانه!
Kwaramaa / Kwaramii / kwaramaana!	Bow down (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	كْوَرَما / كْوَرَمِي / كْوَرَمانه!
Lakkataa / lakkatii / lakkataana!	Collect (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	لَكَّتا / لَكَّتِي / لَكَّتانه!
Lhaa / lhii / lhaana!	Be angry, be ill (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	لها / لهِي / لهانه!
M'aa / m'ii / m'aana!	Come (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (very frequent)	مآ / مإي / مآنه!
Mhasaa / mhasii / mhasaana!	Eat lunch (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مهَسا / مهَسِي / مهَسانه!
Neewaa / neewii / neewaana!	Insult, blaspheme (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	نێوا / نێوِي / نێوانه!
Niinaa / niinii / niinaana!	Hum, sing (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	نٍينا / نٍينِي / نٍينانه!
Oobaa / oobii / oobaana!	Track (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	ۆبا / ۆبِي / ۆبانه!
Raataa, araataa / raatii / raataana!	Ask (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	راتا, أ راتا / راتِي / راتانه!
Rayhamaa / rayhamii / rayhamaana!	Be relaxed, comforted (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	رَيهَما / رَيهَمِي / رَيهَمانه!
Reewaa / reewii / reewaana!	Climb, stop (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	رێوا / رێوِي / رێوانه!
Rhisaa / rhisii / rhisaana!	Show (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	رهِسا / رهِسِي / رهِسانه!
Sakaa / sakii / sakaana!	Work, do (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	سَكا / سَكِي / سَكانه!
Salaamaa / salaamii / salaamaana!	Greet (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	سَلاما / سَلامِي / سَلامانه!
Shagaamaa / shagaamii / shagaamaana!	Work (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شَقاما / شَقامِي / شَقامانه!
Shakiidhaa / shakiidhii / shakiidhaana!	Scratch (Rep) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شَكٍيڈا / شَكٍيڈِي / شَكٍيڈانه!
Shuumaa / shuumii / shuumaana!	Enter (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شٌوما / شٌومِي / شٌومانه!
Soomaayaa / soomaayii / soomaayaana!	Tell a secret (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	سۆمايا / سۆمايِي / سۆمايانه!
Sooyaa / sooyii / sooyaana!	Inform, tell (M) / (F) / (Pl)! (frequent)	سۆيا / سۆيِي / سۆيانه!
Tamaa / tamii / tamaana!	Eat (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تَما / تَمِي / تَمانه!
Tatehaa / Tatehii / tatehaana!	Touch (Rep) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تَتها / تَتهِي / تَتهانه!
Tehaa! / Tehii / tehaana!	Touch once (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تها! / تهِي / تهانه!
Thathaa / thathii / thathaana!	Have a seat (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	ٹَٹا / ٹَٹِي / ٹَٹانه!
Tikwaa / tikwii / tikwaana!	Descend (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تِكْوا / تِكْوِي / تِكْوانه!
Waawaa! Waawii / waawaana!	Cry, weep (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	واوا! واوِي / واوانه!

Conversation 14: 'Doctor and Patient' (Examples of the Present Tense)

<320>

D: doctor, P: patient

#1
D: Oosmook aab eeyadna?	oo-sm-ook aab Zero-eeyad-na
D: What is your name?	ArtSgMObj-name-PossSg2 whoObjM ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3
#2
P: Uusmu Aliib eeyadna.	uu-sm-u aliib Zero-eeyad-na
P: They call me Ali.	ArtSgMSubj-name-PossSg1 Ali ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3
#3
D: Naakaat massi tibariya?	naakaat massi ti-bari-ya
D: How old are you?	how.many year PerfSg2MPf-have-PerfSg2M
#4
P: Oon'ani timasseeti daayiib kaakan.	oon-'ani ti-masseet-i daayiib kaa-kan
P: Myself, I don't know the years well.	NearSgMObjPf-Sg1 ArtPlF-year-CasGen good NegImpfSg1Pf-know
#5
Laakiin Haayli Sillaassi oon'umhiinaan eeyanhoob, faraayu.	laakiin haayli sillaassi oon-'u-mhiinaan ee-ya-nhoob far-aay-u
But I was born when Haile Selassie was here.	but Haile Selassie NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgM-place come-PerfSg3M-Adv+when born-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#6
D: Naanaatii gwirhamtiniya / gwiryamtiniya?	naanaat-ii gwirham-tiniya
D: From what do you suffer?	what.thing-Adv+off suffer-ImpfSg2M
#7
P: Uun'ani haafiit lhanayteeh gwiryamani.	uun-'ani haaf-iit lhanayt-eeh gwirham-ani
P: I suffer from stomach trouble.	NearSgMSubjPf-Sg1 belly-CasGen sickness-PossSg3 suffer-ImpfSg1
#8
D: Naakaat tiina tibariya eettilhanayteek gwiryamtaaneeka?	naakaat tiin-a ti-bariy-a eet-ti-lhanayt-eek gwirham-taan-ee-ka
D: How many days is it (do you have) since you suffer from this your sickness?	how.many sun-Pl PerfSg2MPf-have-PerfSg2M NearPlFObjPf-ArtPlF-sickness-PossSg2 suffer-PerfPl2-Wh-than
#9
P: Uun amsi nagaaru / asaramaatu, hiisani.	uun amsi nagaar-u asaramaat-u hiis-ani
P: Now today (Lit this today) it is the second day / a week, I think.	NearSgMSubj today second.day-IdSg13M seven-IdSg13F think-ImpfSg1
#10
D: Huutamtiniya?	huutam-tiniya
D: Do you vomit?	vomit-ImpfSg2M
#11
P: Kahuutaman.	ka-huutam-an
P: I don't vomit.	NegImpfSg1Pf-vomit-NegImpfSg1
#12
D: Malaal teebiya?	malaal t-eebi-ya
D: Do you have diarrhea?	diarrhea ImpfSg2MPf-go-ImpfSg2M
#13
P: Doorka doorka malaal eebi.	door-ka door-ka malaal Zero-eebi
P: From time to time I have diarrhea.	time-than time-than diarrhea ImpfSg1Pf-go
#14
D: Wanaaneeka naan tamta?	wanaanee-ka naan tam-ta
D: Since this morning, what did you eat?	before.morning-Adv+since what eat-PerfSg3F
#15
P: Tum'ariitiib win nifis kaabaru.	tu-m'ariit-iib win nifis kaa-baru
P: I have no great appetite for any meal.	ArtSgF-food-Adv+at big appetite NegImpfSg1Pf-have
#16
D: Suuri dabaab hakiim rhamaawa?	suuri dabaab hakiim rham-aa-wa
D: Before this, have you been seen by a doctor?	ahead additionally doctor be.seen-PtcpPast-IdSg2M
#17
P: Kaaki.	kaa-ki
P: I haven't.	NegImpfSg1Pf-be
#18
D: Aflaa, uyafook haaksa!	aflaa u-yaf-ook haaks-a
D: Well, open your mouth.	so.then ArtSgM-mouth-PossSg2 open-FutSg
#19
P: Daayiitu.	daayiit-u
P: O.K.	good-IdSg13F
#20
D: Naat hooy kalawta / kitihaayi.	naat hooy ka-law-ta kit-iha
D: Nothing can be seen here / nothing is there.	thing at NegImpfSg3FPf-appear-NegImpfSg3F NegImpfSg3FPf-be
#21
Oon'oomhiin b'a!	oon-'oo-mhiin b'-a
Lie down here!	NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgMObj-place lie.down-ImpvM
#22
P: Daayiitu.	daayiit-u
P: O.K.	good-IdSg13F
#23
D: Naat kitbaruwa.	naat kit-baru-wa
D: You don't have anything.	thing NegImpfSg2MPf-have-NegImpfSg2M
#24
Laakiin mheel gaal dehook iiktib andi.	laakiin mheel gaal dehook ii-ktib a-ndi
But I will prescribe (Lit write) a medicine for you.	but spice one toSg2M FutSg-write ImpfSg1Pf-say
#25
Oon'oomheel faayistiihoob, shaawi gaabalaaheeb!	oon-'oo-mheel faayis-tii-hoob shaawi gaabal-aa-heeb
When you have finished this medicine, visit me again!	NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgMObj-spice finish.something-PastSg3F-Adv+when additionally visit-ImpvM-ObjSg1
#26
P: Allaa tankwiikweek. L'aab naayaa!	allaa Zero-tankwiikw-eek l'-aab naa-yaa
P: If God allows. Good bye!	God ImpfSg3MPf-create-Adv+if be.cool-PtcpPast pass.night-ImpvM
#27
D: Asigaab, l'aab naayaa!	asigaab l'-aab naa-yaa
D: The same to you, good bye!	peaceful be.cool-PtcpPast pass.night-ImpvM

<321>

١ ۆسمۆك آب ێيَدنه? ٢ أٌوسمُ ألٍيب ێيَدنه. ٣ناكات مَسّے تِبَرِيه? ٤ۆنأَنے تِمَسّێتے دايٍيب كاكَن. ٥لاكٍين هايلے سِلّاسّے ۆنءُمهٍينان ێيَنهۆب, فَرايُ. ٦ناناتِي قْوِرهَمتِنِيه? ٧ أٌونأَنے هافٍيت لهَنَيتێه قْوِرهَمَنے. ٨ناكات تٍينه تِبَرِيه ێتِّلهَنَيتێك قْوِرهَمتانێكه? ٩ أٌون أمسے نَقارُ / أسَرَماتُ, هٍيسَنے. ١٠ هٌوتَمتِنِيه? ١١ كَهٌوتَمَن. ١٢ مَلال تێبِيه? ١٣ دۆركه دۆركه مَلال ێبے. ١٤ وَنانێكه نان تَمته? ١٥ تُمأَرٍيتٍيب وِن نِفِس كابَرُ. ١٦ سٌورے دَبَب هَكٍيم رهَماوه? ١٧ كاكے. ١٨ أفلا, أُيَفۆك هاكسه! ١٩ دايٍيتُ. ٢٠ نات هۆي كَلَوته / كِتِهه. ٢١ ۆنؤۆمهٍين بأه! ٢٢ دايٍيتُ. ٢٣ نات كِتبَرُوه. ٢٤ لاكٍين مهێل قال دهۆك إيكتِب أندے. ٢٥ ۆنؤۆمهێل فايِستٍيهۆب, شاوے قابَلاهێب! ٢٦ ألّا تَنكْوٍيكْوێك. لآب نايا! ٢٧ أسِقاب, لآب نايا!

Strong Verbs: Subject Prefixes

<322>

The so-called strong verbs or class 2 verbs are typical of Semitic verbs. They have subject prefixes like a-, t-, i-. Although these verbs are considered to be difficult and full of irregularities, it will be seen that the apparent exceptions are manageable. The most frequent verbs will be tackled first, starting with the verb 'to say'.

Person Affixes

<323>

The past tense forms of the strong verb 'I said' etc. are already familiar from the present tense forms of the weak verb 'I start' (see Verbs Ending in Consonants above). The reason is that the suffixes of 'to start' are the same as the paradigm of 'to say': Compare the suffixes of yak- 'to start' and the paradigm of 'to say' in Table 29 below.

<324>

Actually, there are two paradigms of 'I said, you said' etc., namely -ni and -di. Presently, for most Beja dialects the second paradigm is the most common one, while the other one has only survived with certain speakers and in certain forms.

Table 29: Past Paradigm of 'to say'

1	2 / 3	1		2 / 3
Yakani.	Ani / adi.	I start.	يَكَنے.	I said.	أنے / أدے.
Yaktiniya.	Tiniya / tidiya.	You (M) start.	يَكتِنِيه.	You (M) said.	تِنِيه / تِدِيه.
Yaktinii.	Tinii / tidii.	You (F) start.	يَكتِنِي.	You (F) said.	تِنِي / تِدِي.
Yakiini.	Ini / idi.	He starts.	يَكٍينے.	He said.	إنے / إدے.
Yaktini.	Tini / tidi.	She starts.	يَكتِنے.	She said.	تِنے / تِدے.
Yaknay.	Nini / nidi.	We start.	يَكنَي.	We said.	نِنے / نِدے.
Yakteena.	Teena / tidiina.	You (Pl) start.	يَكتێنه.	You (Pl) said.	تێنه / تِدٍينه.
Yakeen.	Een / idiin.	They start.	يَكێن.	They said.	ێن / إدٍين.

<325>

The verb stem and the person affixes can be extracted from Table 29, as shown in Table 30. Other tenses use exactly the same person affixes, but with different verb stems.

Table 30: Subject Prefixes of Strong Verbs

Affixes:			'say':
a-	I (Past / Perf)	أ-	Adi.	I said.	أدے.
ti- -a	you (M Past)	تے--أ	Tidiya.	You (M) said.	تِدِيه.
ti- -i	you (F Past)	تے--إ	Tidii.	You (F) said.	تِدِي.
i-	he (Past)	إ-	Idi.	He said.	إدے.
ti-	she (Past)	تے -	Tidi.	She said.	تِدے.
ni-	we (Past)	نے -	Nidi.	We said.	نِدے.
ti- -na	you (Pl Past)	تے--نه	Tidiina.	You (Pl) said.	تِدٍينه.
i- -n / -na	they (Past)	إ- -ن/-نه	Idiin.	They said.	إدٍين.

Patterns of Strong Verbs and the Basic Stem

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The basic stem of a strong verb may have up to 7 different shapes. All of these shapes can largely be predicted from the imperative form of a verb - or more exactly: from the CV pattern of the imperative, after the imperative suffix -a is deleted. Therefore it is useful to always identify the imperative and the way in which consonants (C) and vowels (V) follow each other in the imperative.

<327>

To give an example: The imperative of the verb 'to write' is kitiba, so its basic Form is kitib-, and its CV pattern is CiCiC.

<328>

For most verbs, the other tense, aspect forms can be predicted from this CV pattern: Verbs of the same CV pattern generally behave in the same way. Even the difference between verbs of the patterns CiCiC and CiC can largely be ignored. So kitiba 'write' and tiba 'fill' have the patterns CiCiC- and CiC-, and all verbs of this pattern behave in the same way.

<329>

Here are two more examples of identifying the basic stem and its CV pattern:

For the verb diya 'say (M)!' the stem would be diy- 'to say', and the CV pattern would be Ciy-.
For the verb d'iya 'do (M)!' the stem would be d'iy- 'to do', and the CV pattern would be C'iy-.

The Basic Stem and the Other Stems

<330>

The (Sg M) form of the imperative is usually quoted as the most neutral, most basic form of a verb, and the imperative without the '(M)' suffix -a is usually quoted as the basic stem of the verb.

<331>

So the verb 'to say' is diya (literally: 'say (M)'!), and the stem is diy. For 'to say', the imperative stem and the imperative forms therefore are as follows:

Basic Stem (Number 1)

-diy-	Basic Stem of 'to say'
Diya!	Say (M)!	دِيه!
Diyi!	Say (F)!	دِيے!
Diina! (< diy-na)	Say (Pl)!	دٍينه! (< دِي-نه)

Basic Stem (Number 1) and Past, Perfect

<332>

The tense, aspect which is used most frequently - especially in narratives (stories), is the past, perfect. Here is the complete past, perfect paradigm of diya 'to say' again. This paradigm is already familiar from the suffixes of the weak verbs (see yak 'to arise' or tam 'to eat', above).

	Past, Perfect Paradigm of 'to say'
Adi.	I said.	أدے.
Tidiya.	You (M) said.	تِدِيه.
Tidii.	You (F) said.	تِدِي.
Idi.	He said.	إدے.
Tidi.	She said.	تِدے.
Nidi.	We said.	نِدے.
Tidiina.	You (Pl) said.	تِدٍينه.
Idiin.	They said.	إدٍين.

Basic Stem (Number 1) and Negative Present

<333>

The negative present tense uses the same forms as the past tense, but with ki- 'not' as a prefix. Because of this prefix, some minor adjustments need to be made: As usual, the t- will be adjusted (assimilated) to the next consonant, and the suffix for 'they' will be -n after vowels, but -na after consonants. And before a, the ki- will change to ka-.

<334>

To identify all of these phonological changes, compare the tables above and below.

-diy-	Basic Stem of 'to say'
Kaadi.	I don't say.	كادے.
Kiddiya.	You (M) don't say.	كِدِّيه.
Kiddiyi.	You (F) don't say.	كِدِّيے.
Kiidi.	He doesn't say.	كٍيدے.
Kiddi.	She doesn't say.	كِدّے.
Kindi.	We don't say.	كِندے.
Kiddiina.	You (Pl) don't say.	كِدٍّينه.
Kiidiin.	They don't say.	كٍيدٍين.

Basic Stem (Number 1) and Participle

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The participle is the verb form which behaves like an adjective. It is formed by attaching -a, -aab, -aat to the basic stem.

-diy-	Basic Stem of 'to say'
diyaab	having said (M)	دِياب
diyaat	having said (F)	دِيات

Negative Imperative Stem (Number 2)

<336>

The negative imperative stem differs from the basic stem because the last syllable is lengthened. For the verb diy- 'to say' there is only one syllable, and it is lengthened to diiy-.

-diiy-	Stem of 'to say (Neg Impv)'
Baadiiya!	Don't say (M)!	بادٍييه!
Biidiiyi!	Don't say (F)!	بٍيدٍييے!
Baadiina!	Don't say (Pl)!	بادٍينه!

Present Singular and Plural Stems (Number 3 and 4)

<337>

For the present tense, strong verbs even use two stems - one for present singular and one for present plural. In the case of 'to say', the two stems are ndi (Sg), and eeyad (Pl).

-ndi-	Stem of 'to say (Pres Sg)'
Andi.	I say.	أندے.
Tindiya.	You (M) say.	تِندِيه.
Tindii.	You (F) say.	تِندِي.
indi.	He says.	إندے.
Tindi.	She says.	تِندے.

-eeyad-	Stem of 'to say (Pres Pl)'
Neeyad.	We say.	نێيَد.
Teeyadna.	You (Pl) say.	تێيَدنه.
Eeyadna.	They say.	ێيَدنه.

Future Positive and Negative Stem (Number 5)

<338>

The present tense of 'to say' also serves as an auxiliary to express the future ('I will' etc.) as well as the intentional ('I want to') for all verbs. So the paradigms of 'I will say' / 'I won't say' are as follows.

-iyaad-	Stem of 'to say (Fut)'
Iyaad andi / Iyaad kaadi.	I will say / won't say.	إياد أندے / إياد كادے.
Iyaad tindiya / Iyaad kiddiya.	You (M) will say / won't say.	إياد تِندِيه / إياد كِدِّيه.
Iyaad tindii / Iyaad kiddiyi.	You (F) will say / won't say.	إياد تِندِي / إياد كِدِّيے.
Iyaad indi / Iyaad kiidi.	He will say / won't say.	إياد إندے / إياد كٍيدے.
Iyaad tindi / Iyaad kiddi.	She will say / won't say.	إياد تِندے / إياد كِدّے.
Niyaad neeyad / Niyaad kindi.	We will say / won't say.	نِياد نێيَد / نِياد كِندے.
Iyaad teeyadna / Iyaad kiddiina.	You (Pl) will say / won't say	إياد تێيَدنه / إياد كِدٍّينه.
Iyaad eeyadna / Iyaad kiidiin.	They will say / won't say.	إياد ێيَدنه / إياد كٍيدٍين.

Past Continuous Stem (Number 6)

<339>

The past continuous forms express ongoing or habitual events in the past, as well as non-real events, especially in conditional sentences like 'I would have said, if ...' (It has also been called pluperfect). The stem of this paradigm is -iiyid-.

-iiyid-	Stem of 'to say (Past Cont)'
Iiyid.	I was saying, would say.	إييِد.
Tiiyida.	You (M) were saying, would say.	تٍييِده.
Tiiyidi.	You (F) were saying, would say.	تٍييِدے.
Iiyid.	He was saying, would say.	إييِد.
Tiiyid.	She was saying, would say.	تٍييِد.
Niiyid.	We were saying, would say.	نٍييِد.
Tiiyidna.	You (Pl) were saying, would say.	تٍييِدنه.
Iiyidna.	They were saying, would say.	إييِدنه.

Noun of Action Stem (Number 7)

-yaad-	Stem of Action Noun
oo-miyaad	the saying	ۆ- مِياد

More Verb Forms

<340>

The above verb stems provide all tense, aspect forms of the Beja verb system. There are only two kinds of extensions which can be added to these verb forms:

Auxiliary verbs such as the verb indicating future - e.g. y'i andi 'I will come (Lit To-come I-say)' (See section Tense and Aspect below).
Adverbial suffixes such as the suffix indicating conditional - e.g. andi 'I say, mean' > andiyeek 'If I say' (See section Clause Sub-Ordination below).

The Main Paradigms

<341>

The verb which serves as the first example for strong verbs is diya 'to say'. This verb has a very high frequency both in everyday language and in narratives. The table below gives a complete overview of the forms of this verb. The overview of other verb families will be presented according to the same pattern. The positive forms will always be given on the left hand side, and the negative forms on the right.

<342>

The table below includes the different stems of the verb, together with the paradigms that are based on it.

<343>

It should be noted again that there are seven different stems, numbered from 1 to 7. Roughly speaking, the stems which are used most frequently are stems 1 to 4. It will be seen that the basic stem (number 1), serves as the basis for most of the paradigms. The numbers referring to the seven stems are noted in the following paradigms for each conjugational pattern. Further reference to these seven stems can be found in the annex.

The pattern Ci(y)- of diya

1 di(y)	1 Basic Stem	١ دے (ي)	2 dii(y)	2. Negative Stem	٢ دِي (ي)
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Diya!	Say (M)!	دِيه!	Baadiiya!	Don't say (M)!	بادٍييه!
Diyi!	Say (F)!	دِيے!	Biidiiyi!	Don't say (F)!	بٍيدٍييے!
Diina!	Say (Pl)!	دٍينه!	Baadiina!	Don't say (Pl)!	بادٍينه!
1	Ptcp/Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
diyaab	saying	دِياب	baadi	not saying	بادے
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Adi.	I said.	أدے.	Diyaab kaaki.	I didn't say.	دِياب كاكے.
Tidiya.	You (M) said.	تِدِيه.	Diyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't say.	دِياب كِتّا.
Tidii.	You (F) said.	تِدِي.	Diyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't say.	دِيات كِتّايے.
Idi.	He said.	إدے.	Diyaab kiiki.	He didn't say.	دِياب كٍيكے.
Tidi.	She said.	تِدے.	Diyaat kitti.	She didn't say.	دِيات كِتّے.
Nidi.	We said.	نِدے.	Diyaab kinki.	We didn't say.	دِياب كِنكے.
Tidiina.	You (Pl) said.	تِدٍينه.	Diyaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't say.	دِياب كِتّێنه.
Idiin.	They said.	إدٍين.	Diyaab kiikeen.	They didn't say.	دِياب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Andi.	I say.	أندے.	Kaadi.	I don't say.	كادے.
Tindiya.	You (M) say.	تِندِيه.	Kiddiya.	You (M) don't say.	كِدِّيه.
Tindii.	You (F) say.	تِندِي.	Kiddii.	You (F) don't say.	كِدِّي.
Indi.	He says.	إندے.	Kiidi.	He doesn't say.	كٍيدے.
Tindi.	She says.	تِندے.	Kiddi.	She doesn't say.	كِدّے.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Neeyad.	We say.	نێيَد.	Kindi.	We don't say.	كِندے.
Teeyadna.	You (Pl) say.	تێيَدنه.	Kiddiina.	You (Pl) don't say.	كِدٍّينه.
Eeyadna.	They say.	ێيَدنه.	Kiidiin.	They don't say.	كٍيدٍين.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Iyaad andi.	I will say.	إياد أندے.	Iyaad kaadi.	I won't say.	ياد كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Iiyid.	I was saying.	إييِد.	Diyaab kaaki.	I didn't say.	دِياب كاكے.
Tiiyida.	You (M) were saying.	تٍييِده.	Diyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't say.	دِياب كِتّا.
Tiiyidi.	You (F) were saying.	تٍييِدے.	Diyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't say.	دِيات كِتّايے.
Iiyid.	He was saying.	إييِد.	Diyaab kiiki.	He didn't say.	دِياب كٍيكے.
Tiiyid.	She was saying.	تٍييِد.	Diyaat kitti.	She didn't say.	دِيات كِتّے.
Niiyid.	We were saying.	نٍييِد.	Diyaab kinki.	We didn't say.	دِياب كِنكے.
Tiiyidna.	You (Pl) were saying.	تٍييِدنه.	Diyaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't say.	دِياب كِتّێنه.
Iiyidna.	They were saying.	إييِدنه.	Diyaab kiikeen.	They didn't say.	دِياب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
oo-myaad	the saying	ۆ- مياد

<344>

There are no other verbs of exactly the same pattern as diy- 'to say'. The closest similarity is with the pattern of d'iy- 'to do, to put'.

The Pattern CHiy- of d'iya

1 d'i(y)	1 Basic Stem	١ دإِ (ي)	2 d'ii(y)	2 Negative Stem	٢ دإي (ي)
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
D'iya!	Do (M) !	دإِيه!	Baad'aayaay!	Don't do (M) !	بادإييه!
D'iyi!	Do (F)!	دإِيے!	Biid'iiyi!	Don't do (F)!	بٍيدإييے!
D'iina!	Do (Pl)!	دإينه!	Baad'iina!	Don't do (Pl)!	بادإينه!
1	Ptcp / Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
d'iyaab	having done	دإِياب	baad'iiyay	not doing	بادإييَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Ad'i.	I did.	أدإِ.	D'iyaab kaaki.	I didn't say.	دإِياب كاكے.
Tid'iya.	You (M) did.	تِدإِيه.	D'iyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't say.	دإِياب كِتّا.
Tid'ii.	You (F) did.	تِدإي.	D'iyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't say.	دإِيات كِتّايے.
Id'i.	He did.	إدإِ.	D'iyaab kiiki.	He didn't say.	دإِياب كٍيكے.
Tid'i.	She did.	تِدإِ.	D'iyaat kitti.	She didn't say.	دإِيات كِتّے.
Nid'i.	We did.	نِدإِ.	D'iyaab kinki.	We didn't say.	دإِياب كِنكے.
Tid'iina.	You (Pl) did.	تِدإينه.	D'iyaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't say.	دإِياب كِتّێنه.
Id'iin.	They did.	إدإين.	D'iyaab kiikeen.	They didn't say.	دإِياب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Adan'i / and'i.	I do.	أدَنإِ / أندإِ.	Kaad'i.	I don't do.	كادإِ.
Dan'iya.	You (M) do.	دَنإِيه.	Kitd'iya.	You (M) don't do.	كِتدإِيه.
Dan'ii.	You (F) do.	دَنإي.	Kitd'ii.	You (F) did.	تِدإي.
Dan'i.	He does.	دَنإِ.	Kiid'i.	He did.	دإِ.
Dan'i.	She does.	دَنإِ.	Kidd'i.	She did.	تِدإِ.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1		١
Nid'i / need'i.	We do.	نِدإِ / نێدإِ.	Kind'i.	We did.	كِندإِ.
Tid'ina.	You (Pl) do.	تِدإِنه.	Kidd'iina.	You (Pl) did.	كِدّإينه.
Id'iin.	They do.	إدإين.	Kiid'iin.	They did.	كٍيدإين.
5	Fut:	٥		Neg Fut:
Iid'a, ad'a andi.	I will do.	إيدأه, أدأه أندے.	Iid'a kaadi.	I will not do.	إيدأ كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont.:	١
Iid'i.	I was doing.	إيدإِ.	D'iyaab kaaki.	I didn't say.	دإِياب كاكے.
Tiid'iya.	You (M) were doing.	تٍيدإِيه.	D'iyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't say.	دإِياب كِتّا.
Tiid'ii.	You (F) were doing.	تٍيدإي.	D'iyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't say.	دإِيات كِتّايے.
Iid'i.	He was doing.	إيدإِ.	D'iyaab kiiki.	He didn't say.	دإِياب كٍيكے.
Tiid'i.	She was doing.	تٍيدإِ.	D'iyaat kitti.	She didn't say.	دإِيات كِتّے.
Niid'i.	We were doing.	نٍيدإِ.	D'iyaab kinki.	We didn't say.	دإِياب كِنكے.
Tiid'iina.	You (Pl) were doing.	تٍيدإينه.	D'iyaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't say.	دإِياب كِتّێنه.
Iid'iin.	They were doing.	إيدإين.	D'iyaab kiikeen.	They didn't say.	دإِياب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
oo-d'uuy	the doing	ۆ- دُوي

<345>

There are more verbs of the same pattern. The list is not long, but one or two of these verbs are quite common. It should be noted that the patterns of diya 'to say' and d'iya 'to do' are similar to each other especially if the hamzah is disregarded.

Verbs like d'iya

n'iya	be down, go down (infrequent)	نإِيه
d'iya	be jealous (infrequent)	دإِيه
mhiya	be left, remain (less frequent)	مهِيه
t'iya	be similar (very frequent)	تإِيه
s'iya	be sure of, rely on (infrequent)	سإِيه

The Pattern CiC- of riba

1 rib	1 Basic Stem	١ رِب	2 riib	2 Negative Stem	٢ رٍيب
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Riba!	Refuse (M)!	رِبه!	Baariiba!	Don't refuse (M)!	بارٍيبه!
Ribi!	Refuse (F)!	رِبے!	Biiriibi!	Don't refuse (F)!	بٍيرٍيبے!
Ribna!	Refuse (Pl)!	رِبنه!	Baariibna!	Don't refuse (Pl)!	بارٍيبنه!
1	Ptcp/Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
ribaab	having refused (M)	رِباب	baariib	not refusing	بارٍيبَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Arib.	I refused.	أرِب.	Ribaab kaaki.	I didn't refuse.	رِباب كاكے.
Tiriba.	You (M) refused.	تِرِبه.	Ribaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't refuse.	رِباب كِتّا.
Tiribi.	You (F) refused.	تِرِبے.	Ribaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't refuse.	رِبات كِتّايے.
Irib.	He refused.	إرِب.	Ribaab kiiki.	He didn't refuse.	رِباب كٍيكے.
Tirib.	She refused.	تِرِب.	Ribaat kitti.	She didn't refuse.	رِبات كِتّے.
Nirib.	We refused.	نِرِب.	Ribaab kinki.	We didn't refuse.	رِباب كِنكے.
Tiribna.	You (Pl) refused.	تِرِبنه.	Ribaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't refuse.	رِباب كِتّێنه.
Iribna.	They refused.	إرِبنه.	Ribaab kiikeen.	They didn't refuse.	رِباب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Arriib.	I refuse.	أرٍّيب.	Kaarib.	I don't refuse.	كارِب.
Tirriiba.	You (M) refuse.	تِرٍّيبه.	Kitriba.	You (M) don't refuse.	كِترِبه.
Tirriibi.	You (F) refuse.	تِرٍّيبے.	Kitribi.	You (F) don't refuse.	كِترِبے.
Irriib.	He refuses.	إرٍّيب.	Kiirib.	He doesn't refuse	كٍيرِب.
Tirriib.	She refuses.	تِرٍّيب.	Kitrib.	She doesn't refuse.	كِترِب.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Neerib.	We refuse.	نێرِب.	Kinrib.	We don't refuse.	كِنرِب.
Teeribna.	You (Pl) refuse.	تێرِبنه.	Kitribna.	You (Pl) don't refuse.	كِترِبنه.
Eeribna.	They refuse.	ێرِبنه.	Kiiribna.	They don't refuse.	كٍيرِبنه.
5	Fut:	٥		Neg Fut:
Iirib andi.	I will refuse.	إيرِب أندے.	Iirib kaadi.	I won't refuse.	إيرِب كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦		Neg Past Cont:
Iirib.	I was refusing.	إيرِب.	Ribaab kaaki.	I didn't refuse.	رِباب كاكے.
Tiiriba.	You (M) were refusing.	تٍيرِبه.	Ribaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't refuse.	رِباب كِتّا.
Tiiribi.	You (F) were refusing.	تٍيرِبے.	Ribaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't refuse.	رِبات كِتّايے.
Iirib.	He was refusing.	إيرِب.	Ribaab kiiki.	He didn't refuse.	رِباب كٍيكے.
Tiirib.	She was refusing.	تٍيرِب.	Ribaat kitti.	She didn't refuse.	رِبات كِتّے.
Niirib.	We were refusing.	نٍيرِب.	Ribaab kinki.	We didn't refuse.	رِباب كِنكے.
Tiiribna.	You (Pl) were refusing.	تٍيرِبنه.	Ribaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't refuse.	رِباب كِتّێنه.
Iiribna.	They were refusing.	إيرِبنه.	Ribaab kiikeen.	They didn't refuse.	رِباب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
oo-raab	the refusing	ۆ- راب

<346>

There are more verbs of the same pattern CiC-.

Verbs like riba

Frequent verbs

riba	refuse (very frequent, verb of negation)	رِبه
sima	give a name	سِمه
gida	throw	قِده
tiba	fill	تِبه
difa	go away	دِفه
dira	kill	دِره
kwina	have in mind	كْوِنه

Less frequent verbs

bira	snatch	بِره
dina	guess	دِنه
disa	be small	دِسه
fifa	pour	فِفه
fika	threaten	فِكه
fisha	warm up (sth.)	فِشه
kwila	knock, hammer	كْوِله
kwita	push	كْوِته
liga	lift, comb	لِقه
liwa	burn (sth.)	لِوه
mida	test	مِده
mina	shave	مِنه
mira	prepare (sth.)	مِره
shiba	sharpen	شِبه
sida	weave	سِده
sikwa	pull, sip once	سِكْوه
wika	cut, scratch	وِكه
wina	grow up	وِنه

The Pattern CiCiC- of shibiba

1 shibib	1 Basic Stem	١ شِبِب	2 shabiib	2 Negative Stem	٢ شَبٍيب
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Shibiba!	Look (M)!	شِبِبه!	Baashabiiba!	Don't look (M)!	باشَبٍيبه!
Shibibi!	Look (F)!	شِبِبے!	Biishabiibi!	Don't look (F)!	بٍيشَبٍيبے!
Shibibna!	Look (Pl)!	شِبِبنه!	Baashabiibna!	Don't look (Pl)!	باشَبٍيبنه!
1	Ptcp/Sub	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
shibbaab	having looked (M)	شِبّاب	baashabiib	not looking	باشَبٍيبَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Ashbib.	I looked.	أشبِب.	Shibbaab kaaki.	I didn't look.	شِبّاب كاكے.
Tishbiba.	You (M) looked.	تِشبِبه.	Shibbaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't look.	شِبّاب كِتّا.
Tishbibi.	You (F) looked.	تِشبِبے.	Shibbaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't look.	شِبّات كِتّايے.
Ishbib.	He looked.	إشبِب.	Shibbaab kiiki.	He didn't look.	شِبّاب كٍيكے.
Tishbib.	She looked.	تِشبِب.	Shibbaat kitti.	She didn't look.	شِبّات كِتّے.
Nishbib.	We looked.	نِشبِب.	Shibbaab kinki.	We didn't look.	شِبّاب كِنكے.
Tishbibna.	You (Pl) looked.	تِشبِبنه.	Shibbaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't look.	شِبّاب كِتّێنه.
Ishbibna.	They looked.	إشبِبنه.	Shibbaab kiikeen.	They didn't look.	شِبّاب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Ashanbiib.	I look.	أشَنبٍيب.	Kaashbib.	I don't look.	كاشبِب.
Shanbiiba.	You (M) look.	شَنبٍيبه.	Kitshibiba / kishshbiba.	You (M) don't look.	كِتشِبِبه.
Shanbiibi.	You (F) look.	شَنبٍيبے.	Kitshbibi.	You (F) looked.	كِتشبِبے.
Shanbiib.	He looks.	شَنبٍيب.	Kiishbib.	He looked.	كٍيشبِب.
Shanbiib.	She looks.	شَنبٍيب.	Kitshbib.	She looked.	كِتشبِب.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1		١
Nishabib.	We look.	نِشَبِب.	Kinshbib.	We looked.	كِنشبِب.
Tishabibna.	You (Pl) look.	تِشَبِبنه.	Kitshibibna.	You (Pl) looked.	كِتشِبِبنه.
Ishabibna.	They look.	إشَبِبنه.	Kiishbibna.	They looked.	كٍيشبِبنه.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Iishbib andi.	I will look.	إيشبِب أندے.	Iishbib kaadi.	I won't look.	إيشبِب كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Iishbib.	I was looking.	إيشبِب.	Shibbaab kaaki.	I didn't look.	شِبّاب كاكے.
Tiishbiba.	You (M) were looking.	تٍيشبِبه.	Shibbaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't look.	شِبّاب كِتّا.
Tiishbibi.	You (F) were looking.	تٍيشبِبے.	Shibbaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't look.	شِبّات كِتّايے.
Iishbib.	He was looking.	إيشبِب.	Shibbaab kiiki.	He didn't look.	شِبّاب كٍيكے.
Tiishbib.	She was looking.	تٍيشبِب.	Shibbaat kitti.	She didn't look.	شِبّات كِتّے.
Niishbib.	We were looking.	نٍيشبِب.	Shibbaab kinki.	We didn't look.	شِبّاب كِنكے.
Tiishbibna.	You (Pl) were looking.	تٍيشبِبنه.	Shibbaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't look.	شِبّاب كِتّێنه.
Iishbibna.	They were looking.	إيشبِبنه.	Shibbaab kiikeen.	They didn't look.	شِبّاب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
oo-shbuub	the looking	ۆ- شبٌوب

<347>

There are more verbs of the same pattern. Note that the verbs of this pattern are transitive, even where the English gloss may not show this - such as kitima 'arrive at, reach'.

Verbs like shibiba

Frequent Verbs

kitima	arrive at, reach	كِتِمه
bisira	decide	بِسِره
shibiba	look (very frequent)	شِبِبه
fidiga	Open, untie	فِدِقه
bitika	separate, be between	بِتِكه
rigiga	stretch, drive	رِقِقه
diliba	trade	دِلِبه
kitiba	write	كِتِبه

Less Frequent Verbs

fitita	comb (less frequent)	فِتِته
firika	dig (less frequent)	فِرِكه
tiriba	divide (less frequent)	تِرِبه
fitira	eat breakfast (less frequent)	فِتِره
fitika	lift (less frequent)	فِتِكه
kirira	make a dam, veil (less frequent)	كِرِره
gwishisha	move (sth.) (less frequent)	قْوِشِشه
tikwikwa	prepare, produce (less frequent)	تِكْوِكْوه
shikidha	scratch (less frequent)	شِكِڈه
shigwidha	wash (less frequent)	شِقْوِڈه

Infrequent Verbs

fidina	hate, avoid	فِدِنه
mikira	advise	مِكِره
simima	anoint, smear	سِمِمه
ridida	be blunt	رِدِده
diwila	be close, approach	دِوِله
girima	be honored	قِرِمه
nikwisa	be lacking	نِكْوِسه
nifira	be sweet	نِفِره
shilika	become less	شِلِكه
finika	bite	فِنِكه
bidila	change	بِدِله
tilisa	cheat	تِلِسه
giriba	conquer	قِرِبه
misisa	die a natural death	مِسِسه
kiliba	fence in	كِلِبه
dibila	gather, collect	دِبِله
libiba	gird one's loins	لِبِبه
shifiga	hasten	شِفِقه
limida	learn, make used	لِمِده
silifa	lend, loan	سِلِفه
gwimida	lengthen	قْوِمِده
kwibira	cause to descend	كْوِبِره
ginifa	let kneel	قِنِفه
fitina	let quarrel, disturb	فِتِنه
gwisira	lie, tell lies	قْوِسِره
nigila	open, untie	نِقِله
shidhidha	peel	شِڈِڈه
widida	persist	وِدِده
siliba	rob	سِلِبه
khidima	serve (Ar)	خِدِمه
likika	squander	لِكِكه
kirima	subtract	كِرِمه
dirira	give supper, let eat	دِرِره
shitita	tear	شِتِته

The Pattern CiCiy- of miriya

1 miri(y)	1 Basic Stem	١ مِرے (ي)	2 marii(y)	2 Negative Stem	٢ مَرِي (ي)
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Miriya!	Find (M)!	مِرِيه!	Baamariiya!	Don't find (M)!	بامَرٍييه!
Miriyi!	Find (F)!	مِرِيے!	Biimariiyi!	Don't find (F)!	بٍيمَرٍييے!
Miriina!	Find (Pl)!	مِرٍينه!	Baamariina!	Don't find (Pl)!	بامَرٍينه!
1	Ptcp / Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
miriyaab	having found (M)	مِرِياب	bamaari	not finding	بَمارِيَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Amiru.	I found.	أمِرُ.	Mir(i)yaab kaaki.	I didn't find.	مِرِياب كاكے.
Timiruwa.	You (M) found.	تِمِرُوه.	Miryaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't find.	مِرِياب كِتّا.
Timiruwi.	You (F) found.	تِمِرُوے.	Miryaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't find.	مِرِيات كِتّايے.
Imiru.	He found.	إمِرُ.	Miryaab kiiki.	He didn't find.	مِرِياب كٍيكے.
Timiru.	She found.	تِمِرُ.	Miryaat kitti.	She didn't find.	مِرِيات كِتّے.
Nimiru.	We found.	نِمِرُ.	Miryaab kinki.	We didn't find.	مِرِياب كِنكے.
Timiruuna.	You (Pl) found.	تِمِرٌونه.	Miryaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't find.	مِرِياب كِتّێنه.
Imiruun.	They found.	إمِرٌون.	Miryaab kiikeen.	They didn't find.	مِرِياب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Amarri.	I find.	أمَرّے.	Kaamiru.	I don't find.	كامِرُ.
Marriya.	You (M) find.	مَرِّيه.	Kitmiriya.	You (M) don't find.	كِتمِرِيه.
Marrii.	You (F) find.	مَرِّي.	Kitmiruwi / -iyi.	You (F) don't find.	كِتمِرُوے /-إيے.
Marri.	He finds.	مَرّے.	Kiimiru / -i.	He doesn't find	كٍيمِرُ /-إ.
Marri.	She finds.	مَرّے.	Kitmiru.	She doesn't find	كِتمِرُ.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Nimeer.	We find.	نِمێر.	Kinmiru.	We don't find	كِنمِرُ.
Timeerna.	You (Pl) find.	تِمێرنه.	Kitmiruuna.	You (Pl) don't find	كِتمِرٌونه.
Imeerna.	They find.	إمێرنه.	Kiimiruun.	They don't find	كٍيمِرٌون.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Imaar andi.	I will find.	إمار أندے.	Imaar kaadi.	I won't find.	إمار كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Imiir.	I was finding.	إمٍير.	Miriyaab kaaki.	I didn't find.	مِرِياب كاكے.
Timiira.	You (M) were finding.	تِمٍيره.	Miriyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't find.	مِرِياب كِتّا.
Timiiri.	You (F) were finding.	تِمٍيرے.	Miriyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't find.	مِرِيات كِتّايے.
Imiir.	He was finding.	إمٍير.	Miriyaab kiiki.	He didn't find.	مِرِياب كٍيكے.
Timiir.	She was finding.	تِمٍير.	Miriyaat kitti.	She didn't find.	مِرِيات كِتّے.
Nimiir.	We were finding.	نِمٍير.	Miriyaab kinki.	We didn't find.	مِرِياب كِنكے.
Timiirna.	You (Pl) were finding.	تِمٍيرنه.	Miriyaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't find.	مِرِياب كِتّێنه.
Imiirna.	They were finding.	إمٍيرنه.	Miriyaab kiikeen.	They didn't find.	مِرِياب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
oo-mraay, oo-mruuy	the finding	ۆ- مراي

<348>

There are more verbs of the same pattern. These verbs are also transitive.

Verbs like miriya

Frequent Verbs

rikwiya	be afraid	رِكْوِيه
sigiya	be far	سِقِيه
tikwiya	cook	تِكْوِيه
dhigwiya	count once	ڈِقْوِيه
miriya	find (very frequent)	مِرِيه
firiya	give birth	فِرِيه
digiya	return (sth.)	دِقِيه
sikwiya	run after	سِكْوِيه
siniya	wait, stay	سِنِيه

Infrequent Verbs

hamiya	be bitter, blame	هَمِيه
nikwiyi	be pregnant	نِكْوِيے
aliya	become dear	ألِيه
nifiya	blow	نِفِيه
humiya	cover (less frequent)	هُمِيه
shifiya	drink milk	شِفِيه
sikw'iya	feel shy	سِكْوإِيه
nisiya	go west	نِسِيه
kwiriya	graze	كْوِرِيه
ribiya	load	رِبِيه
fidhiya	mix	فِڈِيه
kwisiya	pay debts (less frequent)	كْوِسِيه
adiya	prick	أدِيه
kiriya	rent	كِرِيه
kwimiya	roast bake	كْوِمِيه
hagiya	spend hot season	هَقِيه
dhimiya	stink	ڈِمِيه
dibiya	take care	دِبِيه

The Pattern HaCiC- of hariwa

1 hariw	1 Basic Stem	١ هَرِو	2 hariiw	2 Negative Stem	٢ هَرٍيو
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Hariwa!	Look (M) for (sth.)!	هَرِوه!	Bahariiwa!	Don't look (M) for (sth.)!	بَهَرٍيوه!
Hariwi!	Look (F) for (sth.)!	هَرِوے!	Bihariiwi!	Don't look (F) for (sth.)!	بِهَرٍيوے!
Hariwna!	Look (Pl) for (sth.)!	هَرِونه!	Bahariiwna!	Don't look (Pl) for (sth.)!	بَهَرٍيونه!
1	Ptcp / Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
harwaab	having looked for (M) (sth.)	هَرواب	bahariiw	not looking for (sth.)	بَهَرٍيوَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Ahariw.	I looked for (sth.).	أهَرِو.	Harwaab kaaki.	I didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كاكے.
Tihariwa.	You (M) looked for (sth.).	تِهَرِوه.	Harwaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كِتّا.
Tihariwi.	You (F) looked for (sth.).	تِهَرِوے.	Harwaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't look for (sth.).	هَروات كِتّايے.
Ihariw.	He looked for (sth.).	إهَرِو.	Harwaab kiiki.	He didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كٍيكے.
Tihariw.	She looked for (sth.).	تِهَرِو.	Harwaat kitti.	She didn't look for (sth.).	هَروات كِتّے.
Nihariw.	We looked for (sth.).	نِهَرِو.	Harwaab kinki.	We didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كِنكے.
Tihariwna.	You (Pl) looked for (sth.).	تِهَرِونه.	Harwaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كِتّێنه.
Ihariwna.	They looked for (sth.).	إهَرِونه.	Harwaab kiikeen.	They didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Aharriiw.	I look for (sth.).	أهَرٍّيو.	Kahariw.	I don't look for (sth.).	كَهَرِو.
Harriiwa.	You (M) look for (sth.).	هَرٍّيوه.	Kitehariwa.	You (M) don't look for (sth.).	كِتهَرِوه.
Harriiwi.	You (F) look for (sth.).	هَرٍّيوے.	Kithariwi.	You (F) don't look for (sth.).	كِٹَرِوے.
Harriiw.	He looks for (sth.).	هَرٍّيو.	Kihariw.	He doesn't look for (sth.).	كِهَرِو.
Harriiw.	She looks for (sth.).	هَرٍّيو.	Kithariw.	She doesn't look for (sth.).	كِٹَرِو.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Nihariw.	We look for (sth.).	نِهَرِو.	Kinhariw.	We don't look for (sth.).	كِنهَرِو.
Tihariwna.	You (Pl) look for (sth.).	تِهَرِونه.	Kithariwna.	You (Pl) don't look for (sth.).	كِٹَرِونه.
Ihariwna.	They look for (sth.).	إهَرِونه.	Kihariwna.	They don't look for (sth.).	كِهَرِونه.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Ihiriw andi.	I will look for (sth.).	إهِرِو أندے.	Ihiriw kaadi.	I won't look for (sth.).	إهِرِو كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦		Neg Past Cont:
Ihiriw.	I was looking for (sth.).	إهِرِو.	Harwaab kaaki.	I didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كاكے.
Tihiriwa.	You (M) were looking for (sth.).	تِهِرِوه.	Harwaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كِتّا.
Tihiriwi.	You (F) were looking for (sth.).	تِهِرِوے.	Harwaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't look for (sth.).	هَروات كِتّايے.
Ihiriw.	He was looking for (sth.).	إهِرِو.	Harwaab kiiki.	He didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كٍيكے.
Tihiriw.	She was looking for (sth.).	تِهِرِو.	Harwaat kitti.	She didn't look for (sth.).	هَروات كِتّے.
Nihiriw.	We were looking for (sth.).	نِهِرِو.	Harwaab kinki.	We didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كِنكے.
Tihiriwna.	You (Pl) were looking for (sth.).	تِهِرِونه.	Harwaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كِتّێنه.
Ihiriwna.	They were looking for (sth.).	إهِرِونه.	Harwaab kiikeen.	They didn't look for (sth.).	هَرواب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
w-haruuw	the looking for (sth.)	و- هَرٌوو

<349>

There are more verbs of the same pattern.

Verbs like hariwa

Frequent Verbs

hayisa	be better	هَيِسه
hakwira	close, tie	هَكْوِره
adhidha	hobble, divide	أڈِڈه
abika	hold, seize	أبِكه
agira	return (sth.)	أقِره
hawida	spend evening	هَوِده
hamida	thank, praise	هَمِده
hasiba	think	هَسِبه
hariwa	try to find (very frequent)	هَرِوه
hagita	wait	هَقِته

Less Frequent Verbs

ariwa	align oneself, fit in	أرِوه
asiga	be peaceful	أسِقه
hamira	be poor, be meager	هَمِره
hasira	be sorry	هَسِره
akira	be strong	أكِره
haliga	bend	هَلِقه
agwira	bend (sth.)	أقْوِره
atima	close, seal	أتِمه
adima	converse	أدِمه
hakifa	embrace	هَكِفه
hatita	erase	هَتِته
aliga	feed	ألِقه
hakisa	limp	هَكِسه
adila	make peace (Ar)	أدِله
hayisha	make pottery	هَيِشه
ashisha	meet, receive	أشِشه
hagila	miss, leave, fail	هَقِله
awila	move westward	أوِله
adhidha	peel once (e.g. a banana)	أڈِڈه
ayikwa	pick	أيِكْوه
hayida	sew once	هَيِده
harida	slaughter	هَرِده
afidha	sneeze	أفِڈه

The Pattern CaC- of nawa

1 naw	1 Basic Stem	١ نَو	2 naaw	2 Negative Stem	٢ ناو
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Nawa!	Fail (M)!	نَوه!	Baanaawa!	Don't fail (M)!	باناوه!
Nawi!	Fail (F)!	نَوے!	Biinaawi!	Don't fail (F)!	بٍيناوے!
Nawna!	Fail (Pl)!	نَونه!	Baanaawna!	Don't fail (Pl)!	باناونه!
1	Ptcp / Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
nawaab	having failed (M)	نَواب	banaaway	not having failed	بَناوَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Anaw.	I failed.	أنَو.	Nawaab kaaki.	I didn't fail.	نَواب كاكے.
Tinawa.	You (M) failed.	تِنَوه.	Nawaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't fail.	نَواب كِتّا.
Tinawi.	You (F) failed.	تِنَوے.	Nawaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't fail.	نَوات كِتّايے.
Inaw.	He failed.	إنَو.	Nawaab kiiki.	He didn't fail.	نَواب كٍيكے.
Tinaw.	She failed.	تِنَو.	Nawaat kitti.	She didn't fail.	نَوات كِتّے.
Ninaw.	We failed.	نِنَو.	Nawaab kinki.	We didn't fail.	نَواب كِنكے.
Tinawna.	You (Pl) failed.	تِنَونه.	Nawaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't fail.	نَواب كِتّێنه.
Inawna.	They failed.	إنَونه.	Nawaab kiikeen.	They didn't fail.	نَواب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Eetniiw / eenawi.	I fail.	ێتنٍيو / ێنَوے.	Kaanaw.	I don't fail.	كانَو.
Teetniiwa.	You (M) fail.	تێتنٍيوه.	Kitnawa.	You (M) don't fail.	كِتنَوه.
Teetniiwi.	You (F) fail.	تێتنٍيوے.	Kitnawi.	You (F) don't fail.	كِتنَوے.
Eetniiw.	He fails.	ێتنٍيو.	Kiinaw.	He doesn't fail.	كٍينَو.
Teetniiwi.	She fails.	تێتنٍيوے.	Kitnaw.	She doesn't fail.	كِتنَو.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Neetniiw / neenawi.	We fail.	نێتنٍيو / نێنَوے.	Kinnaw.	We don't fail.	كِنَّو.
Teetniiwna.	You (Pl) fail.	تێتنٍيونه.	Kitnawna.	You (Pl) don't fail.	كِتنَونه.
Eetniiwna.	They fail.	ێتنٍيونه.	Kiinawna.	They don't fail.	كٍينَونه.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Iitnaw / iinaw andi.	I will fail.	إيتنَو / إينَو أندے.	Iitnaw kaadi.	I won't fail.	إيتنَو كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Iitnaw / iitniw / iinawi.	I was failing.	إيتنِو / إينَوے.	Nawaab kaaki.	I didn't fail.	نَواب كاكے.
Tiitnawa / tiitniwa.	You (M) were failing.	تٍيتنِوه.	Nawaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't fail.	نَواب كِتّا.
Tiitnawi.	You (F) were failing.	تٍيتنِوے.	Nawaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't fail.	نَوات كِتّايے.
Iitnaw.	He was failing.	إيتنِو.	Nawaab kiiki.	He didn't fail.	نَواب كٍيكے.
Tiitnaw.	She was failing.	تٍيتنِو.	Nawaat kitti.	She didn't fail.	نَوات كِتّے.
Niitnaw / niinawi.	We were failing.	نٍيتنِو / نٍينَوے.	Nawaab kinki.	We didn't fail.	نَواب كِنكے.
Tiitniwna.	You (Pl) were failing.	تٍيتنِونه.	Nawaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't fail.	نَواب كِتّێنه.
Iitniwna.	They were failing.	إيتنِونه.	Nawaab kiikeen.	They didn't fail.	نَواب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
oo-naaw	the failing	ۆ- ناو

<350>

There are more verbs of the same pattern.

Verbs like nawa

<351>

Note that verbs of this pattern are intransitive.

rama	accompany (frequent)	رَمه
maga	be bad (frequent)	مَقه
rhasa	be cheap (infrequent)	رهَسه
nhasa	be clean (infrequent)	نهَسه
kata	be clear, be light (infrequent)	كَته
taba	be filled (infrequent)	تَبه
kasha	be mean (infrequent)	كَشه
nakwa	be smooth, be lazy (infrequent)	نَكْوه
nhawa	be thin (infrequent)	نهَوه
lawa	burn (Intr) (infrequent)	لَوه
laga	dance (infrequent)	لَقه
gwala	exceed (infrequent)	قْوَله
mara	get ready (frequent)	مَره
tara	make a detour, avoid (sth.) (infrequent)	تَره
nawa	miss (frequent)	نَوه
gama	not know, ignore (frequent)	قَمه
shaba	put on shoes (Intr) (infrequent)	شَبه
ama	ride (infrequent)	أمه
shata	slip, glide, fall (infrequent)	شَته
shagwa	start quarrel (infrequent)	شَقْوه
gafa	stumble (infrequent)	قَفه
b'asa	turn sides (infrequent)	بأَسه
gw'ada	watch, guard oneself (infrequent)	قْوأَده
bisa	bury, hide (Ar) (infrequent)	بِسه
bifa	swim (infrequent)	بِفه
fisha	warm up (Intr) (infrequent)	فِشه
wina	grow up (infrequent)	وِنه

<352>

Except for the present singular which has -n- (rather than -t-), the following verbs have the same pattern.

Verbs similar to nawa

dhhana	become alive (infrequent)	ڈهَنه
sh'isha (Gash dial.), sh'usha	cough (infrequent)	شإِشه, شءُشه
lhasa	lick (infrequent)	لهَسه
kehana	love (infrequent)	كهَنه
gwhama	sip (infrequent)	قْوهَمه
gwhara	steal (infrequent)	قْوهَره
b'ara	wake up, get up oneself (frequent)	بأَره
gw'ada	watch, guard (infrequent)	قْوأَده

The Pattern Cay- of baya

1 ba(y)	1 Basic Stem	١ به (ي)	2 baa(y)	2 Negative Stem	٢ با (ي)
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Baya!	Go to (M)!	بَيه!	Baabaaya!	Don't go to (M) !	بابايه!
Bayi!	Go to (F)!	بَيے!	Biibaayi!	Don't go to (F)!	بٍيبايے!
Beena!	Go to (Pl)!	بێنه!	Baabeena!	Don't go to (Pl) !	بابێنه!
1	Ptcp / Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
bayaab, abaay	having gone to (M)	بَياب, أباي	baabaay	not having gone to (M)	بابايَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Abi.	I went to.	أبے.	Bayaab kaaki.	I didn't go to.	بَياب كاكے.
Tibaya.	You (M) went to.	تِبَيه.	Bayaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't go to.	بَياب كِتّا.
Tibayi.	You (F) went to.	تِبَيے.	Bayaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't go to.	بَيات كِتّايے.
Ibi.	He went to.	إبے.	Bayaab kiiki.	He didn't go to.	بَياب كٍيكے.
Tibi.	She went to.	تِبے.	Bayaat kitti.	She didn't go to.	بَيات كِتّے.
Nibi.	We went to.	نِبے.	Bayaab kinki.	We didn't go to.	بَياب كِنكے.
Tibeena.	You (Pl) went to.	تِبێنه.	Bayaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't go to.	بَياب كِتّێنه.
Ibeen.	They went to.	إبێن.	Bayaab kiikeen.	They didn't go to.	بَياب كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Eebi.	I go to.	ێبے.	Kaabi.	I don't go to.	كابے.
Teebiya.	You (M) go to.	تێبِيه.	Kitbaya.	You (M) don't go to.	كِتبَيه.
Teebi.	You (F) go to.	تێبے.	Kitbayi.	You (F) don't go to.	كِتبَيے.
Eebi.	He goes to.	ێبے.	Kiibi.	He doesn't go to.	كٍيبے.
Teebi.	She goes to.	تێبے.	Kitbi.	She doesn't go to.	كِتبے.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Neebi.	We go to.	نێبے.	Kinbi.	We don't go to.	كِنبے.
Teebiina.	You (Pl) go to.	تێبٍينه.	Kitbeena.	You (Pl) don't go to.	كِتبێنه.
Eebiin.	They go to.	ێبٍين.	Kiibeen.	They don't go to.	كٍيبێن.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Iiba andi.	I will go to.	إيبه أندے.	Iiba kaadi.	I won't go.	إيبه كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Iibi.	I was going to.	إيبے.	Bayaab kaaki.	I didn't go to.	بَياب كاكے.
Tiibiya.	You (M) were going to.	تٍيبِيه.	Bayaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't go to.	بَياب كِتّا.
Tiibiyi.	You (F) were going to.	تٍيبِيے.	Bayaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't go to.	بَيات كِتّايے.
Iibi.	He was going to.	إيبے.	Bayaab kiiki.	He didn't go to.	بَياب كٍيكے.
Tiibi.	She was going to.	تٍيبے.	Bayaat kitti.	She didn't go to.	بَيات كِتّے.
Niibi.	We were going to.	نٍيبے.	Bayaab kinki.	We didn't go to.	بَياب كِنكے.
Tiibiina.	You (Pl) were going to.	تٍيبٍينه.	Bayaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't go to.	بَياب كِتّێنه.
Iibiin.	They were going to.	إيبٍين.	Bayaab kiikeen.	They didn't go to.	بَياب كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
i-miibi / i-mabay	the going (to)	إ- مٍيبے / إ-مَبَي

<353>

So the pattern of baya 'to go to' is similar to that of nawa, except that there is no -t- in the present tense.

<354>

The very frequent verb faya 'to be' is not used in the past, perfect or the negative paradigms. Otherwise it follows the pattern of baya.

<355>

The very frequent verb kana 'to know' has two senses; when used in the sense 'to get to know', it uses the same paradigm as baya. (For the other sense, see the special paradigm of kana.)

<356>

There are more verbs of the same pattern, except for different root vowels.

Verbs like baya

faya	be (very frequent)	فَيه
shoofa	be light, easy (infrequent)	شۆفه
baash'a, b'aasha	come among (infrequent)	باشأه
weera	do, make (less frequent)	وێره
gwooya	fail (infrequent)	قْوۆيه
foora	flee, escape (infrequent)	فۆره
kwara	harvest, pick (infrequent)	كْوَره
sara	keep awake (infrequent)	سَره
kana	know (infrequent)	كَنه
sala	sharpen (infrequent)	سَله

The Pattern CiCaC- of fiyaka

1 fiyak	1 Basic Stem	١ فِيَك	2 fiyaak	2 Negative Stem	٢ فِياك
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Fiyaka!	Carry (M)!	فِيَكه!	Baafiyaaka!	Don't carry (M)!	بافِياكه!
Fiyaki!	Carry (F)!	فِيَكے!	Biifiyaaki!	Don't carry (F)!	بٍيفِياكے!
Fiyakna!	Carry (Pl)!	فِيَكنه!	Baafiyaakna!	Don't carry (Pl)!	بافِياكنه!
1	Ptcp / Sub:	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
fayaak	having carried (M)	فَياك	baafiyaak	not carrying	بافِياكَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Afiyak.	I carried.	أفِيَك.	Fayaak kaaki.	I didn't carry	فَياك كاكے.
Tifiyaka.	You (M) carried.	تِفِيَكه.	Fayaak kittaa.	You (M) didn't carry	فَياكت كِتّا.
Tifiyaki.	You (F) carried.	تِفِيَكے.	Fayaakt kittaayi.	You (F) didn't carry	فَياكت كِتّايے.
Ifiyak.	He carried.	إفِيَك.	Fayaak kiiki.	He didn't carry	فَياك كٍيكے.
Tifiyak.	She carried.	تِفِيَك.	Fayaakt kitti.	She didn't carry	فَياكت كِتّے.
Nifiyak.	We carried.	نِفِيَك.	Fayaak kinki.	We didn't carry	فَياك كِنكے.
Tifiyakna.	You (Pl) carried.	تِفِيَكنه.	Fayaak kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't carry	فَياك كِتّێنه.
Ifiyakna.	They carried.	إفِيَكنه.	Fayaak kiikeen.	They didn't carry	فَياك كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Atfayiik.	I carry.	أتفَيٍيك.	Kaafiyak.	I don't carry.	كافِيَك.
Titfayiika.	You (M) carry.	تِتفَيٍيكه.	Kitfiyaka.	You (M) don't carry.	كِتفِيَكه.
Titfayiiki.	You (F) carry.	تِتفَيٍيكے.	Kitfiyaki.	You (F) don't carry.	كِتفِيَكے.
Itfayiik.	He carries.	إتفَيٍيك.	Kiifiyak.	He doesn't carry.	كٍيفِيَك.
Titfayiik.	She carries.	تِتفَيٍيك.	Kitfiyak.	She doesn't carry.	كِتفِيَك.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Nitfayiik.	We carry.	نِتفَيٍيك.	Kinfiyak.	We don't carry.	كِنفِيَك.
Titfayiikna.	You (Pl) carry.	تِتفَيٍيكنه.	Kitfiyakna.	You (Pl) don't carry.	كِتفِيَكنه.
Itfayiikna.	They carry.	إتفَيٍيكنه.	Kiifiyakna.	They don't carry.	كٍيفِيَكنه.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Itfiyak andi.	I will carry.	إتفِيَك أندے.	Itfiyak kaadi.	I won't carry.	إتفِيَك كادے.
6	Past Cont:	٦	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Itfiyik.	I was carrying.	إتفِيِك.	Fayaak kaaki.	I didn't carry.	فَياك كاكے.
Titfiyika.	You (M) were carrying.	تِتفِيِكه.	Fayaak kittaa.	You (M) didn't carry.	فَياكت كِتّا.
Titfiyiki.	You (F) were carrying.	تِتفِيِكے.	Fayaakt kittaayi.	You (F) didn't carry.	فَياكت كِتّايے.
Itfiyik.	He was carrying.	إتفِيِك.	Fayaak kiiki.	He didn't carry.	فَياك كٍيكے.
Titfiyik.	She was carrying.	تِتفِيِك.	Fayaakt kitti.	She didn't carry.	فَياكت كِتّے.
Nitfiyik.	We were carrying.	نِتفِيِك.	Fayaak kinki.	We didn't carry.	فَياك كِنكے.
Titfiyikna.	You (Pl) were carrying.	تِتفِيِكنه.	Fayaak kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't carry.	فَياك كِتّێنه.
Itfiyikna.	They were carrying.	إتفِيِكنه.	Fayaak kiikeen.	They didn't carry.	فَياك كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
tu-mifyeek, tu-mifiyeek	the carrying	تُ-مِفيێك

<357>

There are more verbs of the same pattern. Note that these verbs are intransitive or passive.

Verbs like fiyaka

winana	be angry (infrequent)	وِنَنه
shilaka	be few (infrequent)	شِلَكه
bishakwa	be hot, diligent (infrequent) (see below)	بِشَكْوه
haragwa	be hungry (frequent)	هَرَقْوه
gwimada	be long (infrequent)	قْوِمَده
sirara	be long (infrequent)	سِرَره
bishakwa	be ripe, cooked (infrequent)	بِشَكْوه
nikasha	be short (infrequent)	نِكَشه
kitaba	be written, be registered (infrequent)	كِتَبه
silafa	borrow (infrequent)	سِلَفه
fiyaka	carry, take care of, be loaded (frequent)	فِيَكه
sikata	choke (Intr) (infrequent)	سِكَته
fidhadha	confess (infrequent)	فِڈَڈه
digwagwa	crouch (less frequent)	دِقْوَقْوه
sibara	flee (infrequent)	سِبَره
libaba	gird one's loins (infrequent)	لِبَبه
gilada	give a promise (infrequent)	قِلَده
kwibara	go down (infrequent)	كْوِبَره
shifaga	hasten (infrequent)	شِفَقه
tilala	jump (infrequent)	تِلَله
ginafa	kneel (Intr) (infrequent)	قِنَفه
gwishasha	move (Intr) (infrequent)	قْوِشَشه
rigasa	play (infrequent)	رِقَسه
shikwana	smell pleasant (infrequent)	شِكْوَنه
dirara	sup, eat supper (infrequent)	دِرَره
libasa	travel by night (infrequent)	لِبَسه
shigwadha	wash oneself (infrequent)	شِقْوَڈه

<358>

There are verbs which follow the pattern of fiyaka 'carry', except that they start with h or hamzah. So the prefixes have to be adjusted in the same way as with hariwa 'want'.

<359>

There are more verbs of the same pattern.

Verbs similar to fiyaka

harara	be empty (infrequent)	هَرَره
adara	be red (infrequent)	أدَره
agwara	bend oneself (infrequent)	أقْوَره
hasara	lose (infrequent)	هَسَره
agara	return (Intr) (infrequent)	أقَره
agaga	sit, squat (infrequent)	أقَقه

The Pattern CiCHa- of fir'a

1 fir'(a)	1 Basic Stem	١ فِر (أ)	2 far'(a)	2 Negative Stem	٢ فَر (أ)
	Impv:			Neg Impv:
Fir'a, fira'a!	Go out (M)!	فِرأه!	Baafira'a!	Don't go out (M)!	بافِرَأه!
Fir'i, fira'i!	Go out (F)!	فِرإِ!	Biifira'i!	Don't go out (F)!	بٍيفِرَإِ!
Fir'ana!	Go out (Pl)!	فِرأَنه!	Baafir'ana!	Don't go out (Pl)!	بافِرأَنه!
1	Ptcp / Sub	١	2	Neg Ptcp:	٢
fir'aab	having gone out (M)	فِرآب	baafar'a	not going out	بافَرإِيَي
1	Past:	١	1	Neg Past:	١
Afir'a.	I went out.	أفِرأه.	Far'a kaaki.	I didn't go out.	فَرأه كاكے.
Tifir'aya.	You (M) went out.	تِفِرأَيه.	Far'a kittaa.	You (M) didn't go out.	فَرأه كِتّا.
Tifir'ayi.	You (F) went out.	تِفِرأَيے.	Far'at kittaayi.	You (F) didn't go out.	فَرأَت كِتّايے.
Ifir'a.	He went out.	إفِرأه.	Far'a kiiki.	He didn't go out.	فَرأه كٍيكے.
Tifir'a.	She went out.	تِفِرأه.	Far'at kitti.	She didn't go out.	فَرأَت كِتّے.
Nifir'a.	We went out.	نِفِرأه.	Far'a kinki.	We didn't go out.	فَرأه كِنكے.
Tifir'ana.	You (Pl) went out.	تِفِرأَنه.	Far'a kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't go out.	فَرأه كِتّێنه.
Ifir'ana.	They went out.	إفِرأَنه.	Far'a kiikeen.	They didn't go out.	فَرأه كٍيكێن.
3	Pres Sg:	٣	1	Neg Pres:	١
Atfar'i.	I go out.	أتفَرإِ.	Kaafir'a.	I don't go out.	كافِرأه.
Titfari'a.	You (M) go out.	تِتفَرِأه.	Kitfira'a.	You (M) don't go out.	كِتفِرَأه.
Titfari'i.	You (F) go out.	تِتفَرِإِ.	Kitfira'i.	You (F) don't go out.	كِتفِرَإِ.
Itfar'i.	He goes out.	إتفَرإِ.	Kiifir'a.	He doesn't go out.	كٍيفِرأه.
Titfar'i.	She goes out.	تِتفَرإِ.	Kitfir'a.	She doesn't go out.	كِتفِرأه.
4	Pres Pl:	٤	1	Neg Pres Pl:	١
Nitfar'i.	We go out.	نِتفَرإِ.	Kinfir'a.	We don't go out.	كِنفِرأه.
Titfar'ina.	You (Pl) go out.	تِتفَرإِنه.	Kitfir'ana.	You (Pl) don't go out.	كِتفِرأَنه.
Itfar'ina.	They go out.	إتفَرإِنه.	Kiifir'ana.	They don't go out.	كٍيفِرأَنه.
5	Fut:	٥	5	Neg Fut:	٥
Itfir'a andi.	I will go out.	إتفِرأه أندے.	Itfir'a kaadi.	I won't go out.	إتفِرأه كادے.
1	Past Cont:	١	1	Neg Past Cont:	١
Itfir'a.	I was going out.	إتفِرأه.	Far'a kaaki.	I didn't go out.	فَرأه كاكے.
Titfir'a.	You (M) were going out.	تِتفِرأه.	Far'a kittaa.	You (M) didn't go out.	فَرأه كِتّا.
Titfir'i.	You (F) were going out.	تِتفِرإِ.	Far'at kittaayi.	You (F) didn't go out.	فَرأَت كِتّايے.
Itfir'i.	He was going out.	إتفِرإِ.	Far'a kiiki.	He didn't go out.	فَرأه كٍيكے.
Titfir'i.	She was going out.	تِتفِرإِ.	Far'at kitti.	She didn't go out.	فَرأَت كِتّے.
Nitfir'a.	We were going out.	نِتفِرأه.	Far'a kinki.	We didn't go out.	فَرأه كِنكے.
Titfir'ana.	You (Pl) were going out.	تِتفِرأَنه.	Far'a kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't go out.	فَرأه كِتّێنه.
Itfir'ana.	They were going out.	إتفِرأَنه.	Far'a kiikeen.	They didn't go out.	فَرأه كٍيكێن.
7	Noun of Action:	٧
tu-mifir'ooy	the going out	تُ-مِفِرؤۆي

<360>

There are more verbs of the same pattern.

Verbs like fir'a

niseha, nisaha	advise (Ar) (infrequent)	نِسهه, نِسَهه
tilha	be awkward (infrequent)	تِلهه
dilha	be strong, healthy (infrequent)	دِلهه
yidh'a	be wet (infrequent)	يِڈأه
bideha	bear witness (infrequent)	بِدهه
kit'a	break (frequent)	كِتأه
nif'a	dust, brush (infrequent)	نِفأه
sikw'a	feel shy (infrequent)	سِكْوأه
fir'a, fira'a	get out (sth.) (very frequent)	فِرأه, فِرَأه
ginha	get news, receive (infrequent)	قِنهه
milha	lead (infrequent)	مِلهه
fiteha	open (Ar) (infrequent)	فِتهه
kwit'a	swallow (infrequent)	كْوِتأه
kwibha	swim (infrequent)	كْوِبهه
nib'a	warm (infrequent)	نِبأه

<361>

Note that the pronunciation of these verbs differs in different dialect areas: E.g. in the Gash area, the a would be pronounced after the glottal stop or 'h', and in the Atman area, the pronunciation is as written here above i.e. with the a before the glottal stop or 'h'.

Conversation 15: 'Taking Care of Cattle' (Examples of the Present Tense)

<362>

A: the teacher, B: the pupils

#1
A: Tumadrasa hankwiirhoob,	tu-madrasa Zero-hankwiir-hoob
A: When the school is closed,	ArtSgF-school ImpfSg3MPf-tie-Adv+when
#2
naan daatiniya?	naan daa-tiniya
What do you (M) do?	what do-ImpfSg2M
#3
B: Reewu eeshkwi.	reew-u Zero-eeshkwi
B: I look after my cattle.	cattle-PossSg1 ImpfSg3MPf-look.after
#4
A: Reewook teeshkwiya?	reew-ook t-eeshkwi-ya
A: Do you (M) look after your cattle?	cattle-PossSg2 ImpfSg2MPf-look.after-ImpfSg2M
#5
Baruuk shaakwanaawwa?	baruuk shaakwanaa-wa
Are you (M) a herdsman?	Sg2M cowherd-IdSg2M
#6
B: Ani shaakwanaabu.	ani shaakwanaab-u
B: I am a herdsman.	Sg1 cowherd-IdSg13M
#7
A: Tumadrasa hankwiirhoob,	tu-madrasa Zero-hankwiir-hoob
A: When the school is closed,	ArtSgF-school ImpfSg3MPf-tie-Adv+when
#8
naan daateena?	naan daa-teena
What do you (Pl) do?	what do-ImpfPl2
#9
B: Reewoon neeshkwi.	reew-oon n-eeshkwi
B: We look after our cattle.	cattle-PossPl1 ImpfPl1Pf-look.after
#10
A: Reewookna teeshkwiina?	reew-ookna t-eeshkwi-ina
A: Do you (Pl) look after your (Pl) cattle?	cattle-PossPl2 ImpfPl2Pf-look.after-ImpfPl2
#11
Baraakna shaakwanaabaana?	baraakna shaakwanaab-aana
Are you (Pl) herdsmen?	Pl2M cowherd-IdPl2M
#12
B: Hinin shaakwanaaba.	hinin shaakwanaab-a
B: We are herdsmen.	Pl1 cowherd-IdPl13M

<363>

١ تُمَدرَسه هَنكْوٍيرهۆب, ٢نان داتِنِيه? ٣رێوُ ێشكْوے. ٤رێوۆك تێشكْوِيه? ٥بَرٌوك شاكْوَناوه? ٦ أَنے شاكْوَنابُ. ٧تُمَدرَسه هَنكْوٍيرهۆب, ٨نان داتێنه? ٩رێوۆن نێشكْوے. ١٠ رێوۆكنه تێشكْوٍينه? ١١ بَراكنه شاكْوَنابانه? ١٢ هِنِن شاكْوَنابه.

Special Strong Verbs

<364>

Some very frequent verbs have forms which differ considerably from the CiCiC pattern (e.g. they have only one syllable, or they start or end with h or hamzah etc.)

'To Become': Negative Paradigm

<365>

The strong verb kaya 'to be, become' is already familiar from the negation of adjectives. The negative prefix is ki-.

Ashshigaab kaaki.	I am not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقاب كاكے.
Ashshigaab kittaa.	You (M) are not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقاب كِتّا.
Ashshigaat kittaayi.	You (F) are not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقات كِتّايے.
Ashshigaab kiiki.	He is not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقاب كٍيكے.
Ashshigaat kitti.	She is not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقات كِتّے.
Ashshigaab kinki.	We are not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقاب كِنكے.
Ashshigaab kitteena.	You (Pl) are not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقاب كِتّێنه.
Ashshigaab kiikeen.	They are not in a hurry, fast.	أششِقاب كٍيكێن.

'To Become': Positive Paradigm

<366>

The positive past forms of the same verb look different, because they have t+k where the negative forms have t+t.

Handhiwaayiib / Handiiwaab aki.	I became a Hadendowa [16]. (M)	هَنڈِوايٍيب أكے.
Handhiwaayiib tikaya.	You (M) became a Hadendowa (M).	هَنڈِوايٍيب تِكَيه.
Handhiwaayiit tikayi.	You (F) became a Hadendowa (F).	هَنڈِوايٍيت تِكَيے.
Handhiwaayiib iki.	He became a Hadendowa (M).	هَنڈِوايٍيب إكے.
Handhiwaayiit tiki.	She became a Hadendowa (F).	هَنڈِوايٍيت تِكے.
Handhiwaayiib niki.	We became Hadendowa (M).	هَنڈِوايٍيب نِكے.
Handhiwaayiib tikeena.	You (Pl) became Hadendowa (M).	هَنڈِوايٍيب تِكێنه.
Handhiwaayiib ikeen.	They (M) became Hadendowa (M).	هَنڈِوايٍيب إكێن.

'To Be, to Have': Pluperfect, Perfect used as Past, Present

<367>

Some paradigms which at first sight appear to be quite irregular are those of three very frequent verbs: faya 'to be, become', bariya 'to have' and hiya 'to give'.

<368>

Actually, the forms can be considered regular if one realizes that for the verb faya 'to be, become', the form iifi 'I had become (Pluperfect)' can be understood as 'Then I was (Past)', and eefi 'I have become (Past)' can be understood as 'Now I am (Pres)'.

<369>

The same is true for the verb 'to have', where iibiri 'I had got' (pluperfect) can be understood as 'Then I had' (Past), and abari 'I have got' (Past) can be understood as 'Now I have' (Pres).

'To Be' 1

	Past meaning (< Pluperfect in form):			Present meaning (< Perfect in form):
Iifi.	I was < I had become.	إيفے.	Eefi.	I am < I have become.	ێفے.
Tiifiya.	You (M) were < had become.	تٍيفِيه.	Teefaaya.	You (M) are < have become.	تێفايه.
Tiifii.	You (F) were < had become.	تٍيفِي.	Teefaayi.	You (F) are < have become.	تێفايے.
Iifi.	He was < had become.	إيفے.	Eefi.	He is < have become.	ێفے.
Tiifi.	She was < had become.	تٍيفے.	Teefi.	She is < have become.	تێفے.
Niifi.	We were (M) < had become.	نٍيفے.	Neefi.	We are (M) < have become.	نێفے.
Tiifiina.	You (Pl) were < had become.	تٍيفٍينه.	Teefeena.	You (Pl) are < have become.	تێفێنه.
Iifiin.	They were had become.	إيفٍين.	Eefeen.	They are< have become.	ێفێن.

'To Give, To Be' 2

	Past meaning (< Pluperfect in form):			Present meaning (< Perfect in form):
Ahi / Iihi.	I gave (I had given).	أهے / إيهے.	Iha.	I am (I have become).	إهه.
Tihiya.	You (M) gave.	تِهِيه.	Tihaya.	You (M) are.	تِهَيه.
Tihii.	You (F) gave.	تِهِي.	Tihayi.	You (F) are.	تِهَيے.
Ihi.	He gave.	إهے.	Iha.	He is.	إهه.
Tihi.	She gave.	تِهے.	Tiha.	She is.	تِهه.
Nihi.	We gave.	نِهے.	Niha.	We are.	نِهه.
Tihiina.	You (Pl) gave.	تِهٍينه.	Tihayna / tiheena.	You (Pl) are.	تِهَينه.
Ihiin.	They gave.	إهٍين.	Ihayna / iheen.	They are.	إهَينه \ إهێن.

<370>

The vowels in the first syllable really should be the long ii which is typical for Pluperfect or Past Cont and which is found in other verbs. The reason for having a short i is the rule of shortening before h, as explained in the phonology section.

'To Have'

	Past meaning (< Pluperfect in form):			Present meaning (< Perfect in form):
Iibiri.	I had	إيبِرے.	Abari.	I have.	بَرے.
Tiibiriya.	You (M) had.	تٍيبِرِيه.	Tibariya.	You (M) have.	تِبَرِيه.
Tiibirii.	You (F) had.	تٍيبِرِي.	Tibarii.	You (F) have.	تِبَرِي.
Iibiri.	He had.	إيبِرے.	Ibari.	He has.	بَرے.
Tiibiri.	She had.	تٍيبِرے.	Tibari.	She has.	تِبَرے.
Niibiri.	We had.	نٍيبِرے.	Nibari.	We have.	نِبَرے.
Tiibiriina.	You (Pl) had.	تٍيبِرٍينه.	Tibariina.	You (Pl) have.	تِبَرٍينه.
Iibiriin.	They had.	إيبِرٍين.	Ibariin.	They have.	بَرٍين.

Typical Transitive Verb Patterns

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The imperatives of the most frequent verbs have been listed below. From the pattern of the imperative, all other forms can be derived.

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The most frequent pattern of Beja verbs is the pattern CiCiC- and related to this are the patterns CaCiC-, CiCiy-, and CiC-. It should be noted that all of these verbs have the vowel i in the final syllable. This is typical for transitive verbs - i.e. verbs for which an object is understood (even if it is not expressed).

Pattern CiCiC-

Mikira / mikiri / mikirna!	Advise (him) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مِكِره / مِكِرے / مِكِرنه!
Bidila / bidili / bidilna!	Change (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	بِدِله / بِدِلے / بِدِلنه!
Fitita / fititi / fititna!	Comb (hair) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فِتِته / فِتِتے / فِتِتنه!
Bitika / bitiki / bitikna!	Divide (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	بِتِكه / بِتِكے / بِتِكنه!
Fitira / fitiri / fitirna!	Have breakfast (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فِتِره / فِتِرے / فِتِرنه!
Fidiga / fidigi / fidigna!	Open, separate, divorce (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فِدِقه / فِدِقے / فِدِقنه!
Tikwikwa / tikwikwi / tikwikwna!	Prepare, produce (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تِكْوِكْوه / تِكْوِكْوے / تِكْوِكْونه!
Kitima / kitimi / kitimna!	Reach (sth.), arrive at (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	كِتِمه / كِتِمے / كِتِمنه!
Shibiba / shibibi / shibibna!	See (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شِبِبه / شِبِبے / شِبِبنه!
Diliba / dilibi / dilibna!	Trade (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دِلِبه / دِلِبے / دِلِبنه!
Shigwidha / shigwidhi / shigwidhna!	Wash (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شِقْوِڈه / شِقْوِڈے / شِقْوِڈنه!
Kitiba / kitibi / kitibna!	Write (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	كِتِبه / كِتِبے / كِتِبنه!

Pattern HaCiC-

Hayisa / hayisi / hayisna!	Be better (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	هَيِسه / هَيِسے / هَيِسنه!
Hakwira / hakwiri / hakwirna!	Close (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	هَكْوِره / هَكْوِرے / هَكْوِرنه!
Hasiba / hasibi / hasibna!	Count, think about (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	هَسِبه / هَسِبے / هَسِبنه!
Adhidha / adhidhi / adhidhna!	Divide, hobble (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	أڈِڈه / أڈِڈے / أڈِڈنه!
Hariwa / hariwi / hariwna!	Look for (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	هَرِوه / هَرِوے / هَرِونه!
Hamida / hamidi / hamidna!	Praise, thank (sb.) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	هَمِده / هَمِدے / هَمِدنه!
Agira / agiri / agirna!	Return (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	أقِره / أقِرے / أقِرنه!
Hawida / hawidi / hawidna!	Spend the evening (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	هَوِده / هَوِدے / هَوِدنه!
Hasira / hasiri / hasirna, hasarna!	Be sorry (about it) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هَسِره / هَسِرے / هَسِرنه, هَسَرنه!
Abika / abiki / abikna!	Seize (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أبِكه / أبِكے / أبِكنه!
Hagita / hagiti / hagitna!	Wait, await (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هَقِته / هَقِتے / هَقِتنه!

Pattern CiCiy-

Siniya / siniyi / siniina!	Await (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	سِنِيه / سِنِيے / سِنٍينه!
Tikwiya / tikwiyi / tikwiina!	Cook, prepare (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تِكْوِيه / تِكْوِيے / تِكْوٍينه!
Dhigwiya / dhigwiyi / dhigwiina!	Count (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	ڈِقْوِيه / ڈِقْوِيے / ڈِقْوٍينه!
Rikwiya / rikwiyi / rikwiina!	Fear (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	رِكْوِيه / رِكْوِيے / رِكْوٍينه!
Miriya / miriyi / miriina!	Find, get (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مِرِيه / مِرِيے / مِرٍينه!
Sikwiya / sikwiyi / sikwiina!	Run after (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	سِكْوِيه / سِكْوِيے / سِكْوٍينه!

Pattern CiC-

Tiba / tibi / tibna!	Fill (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	تِبه / تِبے / تِبنه!
Difa / difi / difna!	Leave, go away (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دِفه / دِفے / دِفنه!
Isha, Usha / ushi / ushna!	Leave, let (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	إشه, أُشه / أُشے / أُشنه!
Sima / simi / simna!	Name, mention (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	سِمه / سِمے / سِمنه!
Mira / miri / mirna!	Prepare (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مِره / مِرے / مِرنه!
Riba / ribi / ribna!	Refuse (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	رِبه / رِبے / رِبنه!
Gida / gidi / gidna!	Throw (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	قِده / قِدے / قِدنه!

Typical Intransitive Verb Patterns

Patterns CiCaC- and CaC-

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The pattern of intransitive or reflexive verbs is characterized by a in the final syllable - such as CiCaC-, HaCaC-, or CaC-. A large number of verbs can have either i or a in the final syllable, and they can be viewed as derived from each other:

<374>

Verbs of the pattern CiCiC are transitive, but verbs of the pattern CiCaC are intransitive or reflexive. Compare dirir- 'to feed supper (someone else)' and dirar- 'to (have) supper (oneself)', or agir- 'to return (something)' and agar- 'to return (oneself)'.

<375>

The same is true for the patterns CiC and CaC: The first is transitive, the second intransitive. Compare mir- 'to prepare (something)' and mar- 'to prepare (oneself)'. Here follow some intransitive or reflexive verbs which have this a in the final syllable of the verb stem. The verbs are given in the imperative forms.

Pattern CiCaC-

Fiyaka / fiyaki / fiyakna!	Load, carry (yourself) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	فِيَكه / فِيَكے / فِيَكنه!
Winana / winani / winanna!	Be angry (yourself) (M) / (F) / (Pl) (frequent)!	وِنَنه / وِنَنے / وِنَنّه!
Dirara / dirari / dirarna!	Have dinner, supper (yourself) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دِرَره / دِرَرے / دِرَرنه!

Pattern CaC-

Rama / rami / ramna!	Accompany (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	رَمه / رَمے / رَمنه!
Maga / magi / magna!	Be bad (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مَقه / مَقے / مَقنه!
Nawa / nawi / nawna!	Miss, lack (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	نَوه / نَوے / نَونه!
Gama / gami / gamna!	Not know (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	قَمه / قَمے / قَمنه!
Mara / mari / marna!	Prepare oneself (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مَره / مَرے / مَرنه!

Intensive, Repeated, or Multiple Object Verbs

Pattern CaaCiC-

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Another group of verbs is characterized by a long aa in the first syllable, such as verbs of the pattern CaaCiC-. This aa typically indicates frequent action or repeated action or action performed on many objects.

<377>

Certain verbs can be used both with the short a or the long aa. One example for this is alima 'to draw a line' / aalima 'to draw lines'. Similarly the following verbs are considered repetitive: faayida 'to laugh', maasiwa 'to hear', and aayima 'spend time'.

Faayida / faayidi / faayidna!	Laugh (about sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	فايِده / فايِدے / فايِدنه!
Maasiwa / maasiwi / maasiwna!	Hear (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	ماسِوه / ماسِوے / ماسِونه!
Aalima / aalimi / aalimna!	Draw lines (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	آلِمه / آلِمے / آلِمنه!
Aayima / aayimi / aayimna!	Spend time, day (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	آيِمه / آيِمے / آيِمنه!

Special Verbs of High Frequency

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Some of the most frequent verbs, such as 'to be, to have', represent infrequent patterns. The main reasons are that these verbs are short (diradicals), or that they start with h- or hamzah, that they have -a- as a stem vowel, or that they end with -y.

<379>

Some verbal forms are not used for pragmatic reasons, i.e. nobody would say such a thing. Thus a verb like faya 'to be', is mainly used in the present and the Cont past (also called pluperfect). The imperative is one such form, which is not used for pragmatic reasons. The following table lists the most important ones of these special verbs.

Verbs of High Frequency - with Infrequent Patterns

- / - / - (Ihi)	Be (not used in the Impv)	- /-/- (إهے)
- / - / - (Iifi)	Be (not used in the Impv)	- /-/- (إيفے)
Aka, kaya / aki / akeena!	Become (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أكه, كَيه / أكے / أكێنه!
D'iya / d'iyi / d'iina!	Do, put (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دإِيه / دإِيے / دإينه!
Hiya / hiyi / hiina!	Give (sth.) (to sb.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	هِيه / هِيے / هٍينه!
Baya / bayi / beena!	Go to (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	بَيه / بَيے / بێنه!
Kana / kani / kanna!	Know (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	كَنه / كَنے / كَنّه!
Diya / diyi / diina!	Say, mean (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	دِيه / دِيے / دٍينه!
Aha / ahayi / aheena!	Take (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أهه / أهَيے / أهێنه!

Weak and Strong Verbs: Object Suffixes

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There are Beja verbs which by their nature cannot have any object, e.g. Eeya 'He came', and there are others which always have an object - even if it is not expressed by any noun or name or pronoun, e.g. Rhiya 'He saw (sth.)'.

<381>

There also are a few verbs which always imply or express two objects, like 'give to, send to, think of as', etc. e.g. Aneeb aab hiisiya? 'Whom did he think me (to be)?', and there are others which require an adverb, e.g. Ugin'ook hooy d'iya! 'Put your mind on it!'.

<382>

These required objects or adverbs are part of the meaning of the verbs. It would be misleading not to include them in the definition.

<383>

So the verb 'ba-ya' may superficially have the meaning 'to go' - but the verb includes more: (1) the one who goes - which is always expressed as a subject, and secondly (2) the place - which is expressed or understood as the object, e.g. Oosook ibi 'He went to Suakin'.

<384>

So the verb 'ka-ya' may superficially have the meaning 'to be' - but the verb includes more: (1) the one who is -which is always expressed as a subject, and (2) the thing he, she is - which is expressed or understood as the object, e.g. 'Oobana iki 'he became a tracker.'

Verbs with One Object

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Superficially it seems that there is no object in sentences such as Gw'an 'I drank' or Aharriiw 'I want' as in these sentences there is no word or affix which expresses an object. In actual fact, however, the object is understood, and the reason is that these verbs are inherently transitive. The following section is about verbs which have one object.

'Drink'

Ani gw'an.	I drank (something).	أنے قْوأَن.

Baruuk naan gw'ata?	What would you (M) like to drink?	بَرٌوك نان قْوأَته?
Batuuk naan gw'ati?	What would you (F) like to drink?	بَتٌوك نان قْوأَتے?
Baraakna naan gw'atna?	What would you (Pl) like to drink? (infrequent)	بَراكنه نان قْوأَتنه?
Ani aat gw'an.	I drank milk.	أنے آت قْوأَن.
Ani buun gw'an.	I drank coffee.	أنے بٌون قْوأَن.
Ani yam gw'an.	I drank water.	أنے يَم قْوأَن.
Ani asiir gw'an.	I drank juice.	أنے أسٍير قْوأَن.
Ani shaahiib gw'an.	I drank tea.	أنے شاهٍيب قْوأَن.

'Ride'

Kaam a'am.	I rode a camel.	كام أأَم.
Hataay a'am.	I rode a horse.	هَتاي أأَم.
Tambiil a'am.	I rode a car.	تَمبٍيل أأَم.
Baabuur a'am.	I rode a steamer.	بابٌور أأَم.
Ootoobis a'am.	I rode a bus.	ۆتۆبِس أأَم.

'Want'

Aharriiw.	I want (something).	أهَرٍّيو.

Hadhiib aharriiw.	I want some bread.	هَڈٍيب أهَرٍّيو.
Eeshariif hana biltuub aharriiw.	I want some maize.	ێشَرٍيف هَنه بِلتٌوب أهَرٍّيو.
Sheetariit aharriiw.	I want some white sorghum.	شێتَرٍيت أهَرٍّيو.
Gamhiib aharriiw.	I want some wheat.	قَمهٍيب أهَرٍّيو.
Biltuub aharriiw.	I want some millet.	بِلتٌوب أهَرٍّيو.
Mheel aharriiw.	I want some spice.	مهێل أهَرٍّيو.

Object Suffixes

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The object is expressed by suffixes both in the weak and in the strong verbs. The third person object is not expressed and may seem to be missing - but it is always understood.

Table 31: Object Suffixes

-heeb	me	- هێب
-hook	you	- هۆك
-	him, her	-
-hoon	us	- هۆن
-hookna	you (Pl)	- هۆكنه
-	them	-

Weak verb and Object suffix

Aab rhiya?	Whom did he see?	آب رهِيه?

Aneeb rhiyaheeb.	He saw me.	أنێب رهِيَهێب.
Barook rhiyahook.	He saw you (M).	بَرۆك رهِيَهۆك.
Batook rhiyahook.	He saw you (F).	بَتۆك رهِيَهۆك.
Barooh rhiya.	He saw him.	بَرۆه رهِيه.
Batooh rhiya.	He saw her.	بَتۆه رهِيه.
Hinin rhiyahoon.	He saw us.	هِنِن رهِيَهۆن.
Bareekna rhiyahookna.	He saw you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه رهِيَهۆكنه.
Bateekna rhiyahookna.	He saw you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه رهِيَهۆكنه.
Bareeh rhiya.	He saw them (M).	بَرێه رهِيه.
Bateeh rhiya.	He saw them (F).	بَتێه رهِيه.

Strong verb and Object suffix

Baruuh aab ikteen?	Whom does he know?	بَرٌوه آب إكتێن?

(Baruuh) aneeb ikteenheeb.	He knows me.	(بَرٌوه) أنێب إكتێنهێب.
(Baruuh) barook ikteenhook.	He knows you (M.)	(بَرٌوه) بَرۆك إكتێنهۆك.
(Baruuh) batook ikteenhook.	He knows you (F).	(بَرٌوه) بَتۆك إكتێنهۆك.
(Baruuh) barooh ikteen.	He knows him.	(بَرٌوه) بَرۆه إكتێن.
(Baruuh) batooh ikteen.	He knows her.	(بَرٌوه) بَتۆه إكتێن.
(Baruuh) hinin ikteenhoon.	He knows us.	(بَرٌوه) هِنِن إكتێنهۆن.
(Baruuh) bareekna ikteenhookna.	He knows you (M Pl).	(بَرٌوه) بَرێكنه إكتێنهۆكنه.
(Baruuh) bateekna ikteenhookna.	He knows you (F Pl).	(بَرٌوه) بَتێكنه إكتێنهۆكنه.
(Baruuh) bareeh ikteen.	He knows them (M).	(بَرٌوه) بَرێه إكتێن.
(Baruuh) bateeh ikteen.	He knows them (F).	(بَرٌوه) بَتێه إكتێن.

Weak Verbs with their Objects

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In the following table, the imperative form of the verb is give before the colon.

Afooyaa: Baabook / deetook afooyaa!	Forgive (M) your father / mother!	أفۆيا: بابۆك / دێتۆك أفۆيا!
Agriiyaa: Tiwaseeteek agriiyaa!	Read (M) your advice!	أقرٍييا: تِوَسێتێك أقرٍييا!
Raataa: Gwida bhali ba'araataaheeb!	Don't (M) ask me many words!	راتا: قْوِده بهَلے بَأَراتاهێب!
Bhaliiyaa: Sakanaayook bhaliiyaa!	Tell (M) your message!	بهَلٍييا: سَكَنايۆك بهَلٍييا!
Faayisaa: Ooktaab / ushanhook faayisaa!	Finish (M) the book / your work!	فايِسا: ۆ كتاب / أُشَنهۆك فايِسا!
Gw'aa: Ubuunook / w'asiirook gw'aa!	Drink (M) your coffee / juice!	قْوآ: أُبٌونۆك / وُأَسٍيرۆك قْوآ!
Reewaa: Oon'oorba reewaa!	Climb (M) on this hill!	رێوا: ۆنؤۆربه رێوا!
Rhisaa: Uktaabook / tuwaragaatook rhisaaheeb!	Show (M) me your book / paper.	رهِسا: أُكتابۆك / تُوَرَقاتۆك رهِساهێب!
Gwuugamaa: Tootrig gwuugamaa!	Look at the moon!	قْوٌوقَما: تۆترِق قْوٌوقَما!

Strong Verbs with their Objects, sorted alphabetically

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The following verbs are transitive. So the object is always understood, even if there is no noun, pronoun or object suffix to express it. Below, each verb is given with a noun that is commonly or typically associated with this particular verb. Again, the imperative form of the verb is given before the colon.

Abika: Aab t'abika?	Whom did you seize?	أبِكه: آب تأَبِكه?
Abika: Beenw'oor abika!	Hold, grab that boy!	أبِكه: بێنوؤۆر أبِكه!
Abika: Oon'ugalam abika!	Take (M) this pen!	أبِكه: ۆ نءُقَلَم أبِكه!
Adhidha: Ookaam adhidha!	Hobble the camel!	أڈِڈه: ۆ كام أڈِڈه!
Adhidha: Oomooz adhidha!	Divide, peel the banana.	أڈِڈه: ۆ مۆز أڈِڈه!
Agira: Baliit teekam agira!	Return those camels!	أقِره: بَلٍيت تێكَم أقِره!
Agwira: Ubilbil agwira!	Bend the stick!	أقْوِره: أُبِلبِل أقْوِره!
Agwira: Oottoondi agwira!	Bend this metal!	أقْوِره: ۆ تّۆندے أقْوِره!
Aha: Daayi na aha!	Take something good!	أهه: دايے نه أهه!
Ama: Kaam ama!	Ride a camel!	أمه: كام أمه!
Ama: Whataay ama!	Ride the horse!	أمه: وُهَتاي أمه!
Amfaraada: Aneeb amfaraadaheeb!	Talk to me!	أمفَراده: أنێب أمفَرادَهێب!
Amfaraada: Usanook amfaraada!	Talk to your brother!	أمفَراده: أُسَنۆك أمفَراده!
Amakaara: Baabook ammakaara!	Consult your father!	أمَكاره: بابۆك أمَّكاره!
Amakakaarna: Taktak ammakakaarna!	Consult (Pl) each other!	أمَكَكارنه: تَكتَك أمَّكَكارنه!
Amararaayna: Taktak ammararaayna!	Meet (Pl) each other!	أمَرَراينه: تَكتَك أمَّرَراينه!
Amookaana: Oon'ootak amookaana!	Get to know this man!	أمۆكانه: ۆنؤۆتَك أمۆكانه!
Amookakaanna: Taktak amookakaanna!	Get to know (Pl) each other!	أمۆكَكانّه: تَكتَك أمۆكَكانّه!
Amooraama: Baabook amooraama!	Follow, go with your father!	أمۆرامه: بابۆك أمۆرامه!
Amooraraamna: Amooraraamna!	Go with each other!	أمۆرَرامنه: أمۆرَرامنه!
Amooth'a: (Hinin) amooth'ahoon / baamoothi'ahoon!	Quarrel with us / Don't quarrel with us!	أمۆٹأه: (هِنِن) أمۆٹأَهۆن / بامۆٹِأَهۆن!
Amooth'ath'ana: Taktak amooth'ath'ana / baamooth'ath'ina!	Quarrel (Pl) with each other / Don't quarrel (Pl) with each other!	أمۆٹأَٹأَنه: تَكتَك أمۆٹأَٹأَنه / بامۆٹأَٹإِنه!
Amtaraama: Baabook amtaraama!	Respect your father!	أمتَرامه: بابۆك أمتَرامه!
Ashisha: Baabook ashisha!	Receive, meet your father!	أشِشه: بابۆك أشِشه!
Ashisha: Y'amna ashisha!	Meet, receive the guests!	أشِشه: يِأَمنه أشِشه!
Atood'aara: Tutakat titood'aar!	Be married to the woman.	أتۆدآره: تُتَكَت تِتۆدآر!
Awaya: Oobaaba / baabook awaya!	Help the father / your father!	أوَيه: ۆبابه / بابۆك أوَيه!
Baadhina: Uktaabook baadhina / Baabaadhiina!	Forget your book / Don't forget your book!	باڈِنه: أُكتابۆك باڈِنه / باباڈٍينه!
Baya: Oosuug baya!	Go to the market!	بَيه: ۆسٌوق بَيه!
Bidila: Imhallaga bidila!	Change the money!	بِدِله: إمهَلَّقه بِدِله!
Birira: Tubadham / tumadham birira!	Unroll the (sitting) mat.	بِرِره: تُبَڈَم / تُمَڈَم بِرِره!
Biriya: Mhallagaab biriya!	Have some money!	بِرِيه: مهَلَّقاب بِرِيه!
Bitika: Imhallaga bitika!	Divide the money!	بِتِكه: إمهَلَّقه بِتِكه!
Bitika: Oomooz bitika!	Cut apart, divide the banana!	بِتِكه: ۆ مۆز بِتِكه!
D'iya: Tarabeeza d'iya!	Make a table.	دإِيه: تَرَبێزه دإِيه!
D'ura: Aab id'ur?	Whom did he marry?	دءُره: آب إِدءُر?
D'ura: Takat d'ura!	Marry a woman!	دءُره: تَكَت دءُره!
Dhibiba: Tubadham dhibiba!	Uncoil, unwrap the mat!	ڈِبِبه: تُبَڈَم ڈِبِبه!
Dhigwiya: Imhallagaayeek dhigwiya!	Count your money!	ڈِقْوِيه: إمهَلَّقايێك ڈِقْوِيه!
Dibila: W'issi dibila!	Collect the sand!	دِبِله: وُإِسّے دِبِله!
Dibiya: Imhallagaayeek dibiya!	Take care of your money!	دِبِيه: إمهَلَّقايێك دِبِيه!
Digiya: Imhallagaayeen digiya!	Return, give back our money!	دِقِيه: إمهَلَّقايێن دِقِيه!
Diliba: Teekam diliba!	Trade, sell the camels (F)!	دِلِبه: تێكَم دِلِبه!
Diliba: Wharru diliba!	Trade the millet!	دِلِبه: وُهَرُّ دِلِبه!
Dira: Tak dira / baadiira, baadariiya!	Kill someone / Don't kill someone!	دِره: تَك دِره / بادٍيره, بادَرٍييه!
Dirara: Diraar dirara!	Eat dinner!	دِرَره: دِرار دِرَره!
Diriga: N'eet diriga!	Light a fire!	دِرِقه: نئێت دِرِقه!
Dirira: Y'amna dirira!	Serve the guests supper!	دِرِره: يِأَمنه دِرِره!
Diwila: Aneeb diwilaheeb!	Come (M) close to me!	دِوِله: أنێب دِوِلَهێب!
Diya: Gaana diya!	Say something!	دِيه: قانه دِيه!
Faayida: Aneeb faayida / baafaayiida!	Laugh at me / Don't laugh at me!	فايِده: أنێب فايِده! / بافايٍيده!
Fidhadha: Oosdik fidhadha!	Confess the truth!	فِڈَڈه: ۆ سدِك فِڈَڈه!
Fidiga: Oobaab fidiga!	Open the door!	فِدِقه: ۆ باب فِدِقه!
Fidina: Aneeb fidinaheeb / baafadiinaheeb!	Avoid me / Don't avoid me!	فِدِنه: أنێب فِدِنَهێب / بافَدٍينَهێب!
Fidina: Been'ootak fidina / baafadiina!	Avoid that man / Don't avoid that man!	فِدِنه: بێنؤۆتَك فِدِنه / بافَدٍينه!
Fifa: Eeyam fifa!	Pour the water out!	فِفه: ێ يَم فِفه!
Fika: Aneeb fikaheeb / baafiikaheeb!	Threaten me / Don't threaten me!	فِكه: أنێب فِكَهێب / بافٍيكَهێب!
Fikika: Tubatehiiyaay fikika!	Slice the melon!	فِكِكه: تُبَتهٍيياي فِكِكه!
Finika: Tu'anbarooytook finika / baafaniika!	Bite your lip / Don't bite your lip!	فِنِكه: تُأَنبَرۆيتۆك فِنِكه / بافَنٍيكه!
Fir'a: Ooyaas fir'a!	Get the dog out!	فِرأه: ۆ ياس فِرأه!
Firika: Toori firika!	Dig the well!	فِرِكه: تۆرے فِرِكه!
Fiteha: Tihamooteek fitehi!	Open, let down (F) your hair.	فِتهه: تِهَمۆتێك فِتهے!
Fitika: Ootam fitika!	Lift the food (from the fire).	فِتِكه: ۆ تَم فِتِكه!
Fitira: Fatuur fitira!	Eat breakfast!	فِتِره: فَتٌور فِتِره!
Fitita: Tihamooteek fititi!	Comb (F) your hair!	فِتِته: تِهَمۆتێك فِتِتے!
Fitita: Yhadhi fitita!	Turn the breads into crumbs (Lit comb it)!	فِتِته: يِهَڈے فِتِته!
Fiyaka: Wharru fiyaka!	Carry (load yourself) the millet.	فِيَكه: وُهَرُّ فِيَكه!
Foora: Foora! Utambiil ifoor, uumeek.	Flee! The donkey fled, escaped the car.	فۆره: فۆره!أُتَمبٍيل إفۆر, أُومێك.
Gama: Tudaayiinaay gama / baagaama!	Ignore goodness / Don't ignore goodness!	قَمه: تُدايٍيناي قَمه / باقامه!
Gida: W'awi gida!	Throw the stone!	قِده: وُأَوے قِده!
Gwhama: Oobuun gwhama! / igwham.	Sip! / He sipped the coffee.	قْوهَمه: ۆ بٌون قْوهَمه! / إقْوهَم.
Gwhara: Imhallaga baagwhiira.	Don't steal the money!.	قْوهَره: إمهَلَّقه باقْوهٍيره.
Gwhara: Imhallaga gwhara! / igwhar.	Steal! / He stole the money.	قْوهَره: إمهَلَّقه قْوهَره! / إقْوهَر.
Gwishisha: Utambiil gwishisha! / igwshish.	Push! / He pushed the car.	قْوِشِشه: أُتَمبٍيل قْوِشِشه! / إقْوشِش.
Hagila: Oogaw hagila / bahagiila!	Miss the house / Don't miss the house!	هَقِله: ۆقَو هَقِله / بَهَقٍيله!
Hagita: Aneeb hagitaheeb!	Wait for me!	هَقِته: أنێب هَقِتَهێب!
Hagwina: Y'ayeek hagwina / bahagwiina!	Scratch your hands / Don't scratch your hands!	هَقْوِنه: يِأَيێك بَهَقْوٍينه!
Hakwira: Toon'aay hakwira!	Tie the goat!	هَكْوِره: تۆنآي هَكْوِره!
Hamida: Allaayook hamida!	Thank, praise your God!	هَمِده: ألّايۆك هَمِده!
Hamiya: Barooh hamiya / bahamiiya!	Blame, be bitter, serious about him / Don't blame, be bitter, serious about him!	هَمِيه: بَرۆه هَمِيه / بَهَمٍييه!
Harida: Toon'aay harida!	Slaughter the goat!	هَرِده: تۆنآي هَرِده!
Hariwa: Ikameeh hariwa!	Seek his camels!	هَرِوه: إكَمێه هَرِوه!
Hariwa: Mhallagaayeek hariwa!	Find your (M) money (Pl)!	هَرِوه: مهَلَّقايێك هَرِوه!
Hasiba: Teekam hasiba!	Count the camels!	هَسِبه: تێكَم هَسِبه!
Hayida: Ujil'ik hayidi!	Sew (F) the rag, old cloth!	هَيِده: أُجِلإِك هَيِدے!
Hayida: Whalakooh hayida! / ihayid.	Sew! / He sewed his clothes (Lit cloth).	هَيِده: وُهَلَكۆه هَيِده! / إهَيِد.
Hiya: Mhallagaab (w'oorook) hiya!	Give (M) money (Pl) (to your son)!	هِيه: مهَلَّقاب (وؤۆرۆك) هِيه!
Humiya: Baabook humiya!	Cover your father!	هُمِيه: بابۆك هُمِيه!
Kana: Been'ootak kana!	Know that man!	كَنه: بێنؤۆتَك كَنه!
Kaya: Daktoor kaya / aka!	Become a doctor!	كَيه: دَكتۆر كَيه / أكه!
Kiliba: Teekam kiliba!	Fence the camels (F) in!	كِلِبه: تێكَم كِلِبه!
Kirima: Eeyam kirima!	Take away the water!	كِرِمه: ێ يَم كِرِمه!
Kirira: Ookwaan kirira!	Build a dam for the flood!	كِرِره: ۆ كْوان كِرِره!
Kit'a: Tubatehiiyaay kit'a!	Cut the melon!	كِتأه: تُبَتهٍيياي كِتأه!
Kitiba: Jawaab kitiba!	Write a letter!	كِتِبه: جَواب كِتِبه!
Kitiba: Kitaab kitiba!	Write a book!	كِتِبه: كِتاب كِتِبه!
Kitima: Oosuug kitima!	Arrive at the market!	كِتِمه: ۆ سٌوق كِتِمه!
Kwibara: Urbaayi kwibara (gideha, tikwa)!	Go down from the hill (go down, descend)!	كْوِبَره: أُربايے كْوِبِره (قِدهه, تِكْوه)!
Kwibira: Wharru kwibira!	Take the millet down!	كْوِبِره: وُهَرُّ كْوِبِره!
Kwila: Oobaab kwila!	Knock / hammer at the door!	كْوِله: ۆ باب كْوِله!
Kwina: Gaana kwina!	Have one thing in mind!	كْوِنه: قانه كْوِنه!
Kwishiba: W'oorook kwishiba!	Circumcise your son!	كْوِشِبه: وؤۆرۆك كْوِشِبه!
Kwisiya: Aliib kwisiya!	Pay Ali your debts!	كْوِسِيه: ألٍيب كْوِسِيه!
Kwisiya: Imhallagaayi kwisiya!	Pay (me) back my money!	كْوِسِيه: إمهَلَّقايے كْوِسِيه!
Kwisiya: Uyafook kwisiya!	Pay back your debts!	كْوِسِيه: أُيَفۆك كْوِسِيه!
Lhasa: Tisikwkwar lhasa / baalhiisa!	Lick the sugar / Don't lick the sugar!	لهَسه: تِسِكْوكْوَر لهَسه / بالهٍيسه!
Lhasa: Tukwooba, tukwibbaay lhasa!	Lick the pot!	لهَسه: تُكْوۆبه / تُكْوِبّاي لهَسه!
Libaba: Whalakook libaba!	Gird your cloth, loins!	لِبَبه: وُهَلَكۆك لِبَبه!
Liga: Tihamooteek liga!	Lift, comb your hair!	لِقه: تِهَمۆتێك لِقه!
Limida: Tuktaaba limida!	Get used to the writing!	لِمِده: تُكتابه لِمِده!
Liwa: Tuwaraga liwa!	Burn the paper (F)!	لِوه: تُوَرَقه لِوه!
Liwa: Uwarag liwa!	Burn the paper (M)!	لِوه: أُوَرَق لِوه!
Maasiwa: Ibhaliyi maasiwa!	Hear the word!	ماسِوه: إبهَلِيے ماسِوه!
Mikira: Been'ootak mikira!	Advise, counsel that man!	مِكِره: بێنؤۆتَك مِكِره!
Mikira: W'oorook mikira!	Advise your (Sg) son!	مِكِره: وؤۆرۆك مِكِره!
Mikwasa: Ubooyook mikwasa!	Avenge your blood!	مِكْوَسه: أُبۆيۆك مِكْوَسه!
Milha: Whamashaay milha!	Lead the blind man!	مِلهه: وُهَمَشاي مِلهه!
Mina: Tihamooteek mina!	Shave (M) your hair!	مِنه: تِهَمۆتێك مِنه!
Mira: Tumhasay mira!	Prepare the lunch!	مِره: تُمهَسَي مِره!
Miriya: Eekam miriya!	Find the camels (M)!	مِرِيه: ێ كَم مِرِيه!
Miriya: Yam / shaahiib miriya!	Find, get (M) some water / tea!	مِرِيه: يَم / شاهٍيب مِرِيه!
N'ura: Tilhanayteesook n'ura!	Get better from the cold!	نءُره: تِلهَنَيتێسۆك نءُره!
Naakiba: Ookaam naakiba!	Go after, overtake the camel!	ناكِبه: ۆ كام ناكِبه!
Nawa: Oogaw nawa / ugawoon baanaawa!	Miss the house / Don't miss our house!	نَوه: ۆ قَو نَوه / أُقَوۆن باناوه!
Nigila: Usanduuk nigila!	Open, untie the box!	نِقِله: أُسَندٌوك نِقِله!
Rama: Y'amna rama!	Accompany the guests!	رَمه: يِأَمنه رَمه!
Riba: Imhallaga riba / baariiba!	Refuse the money / Don't refuse the money!	رِبه: إمهَلَّقه رِبه / بارٍيبه!
Ribiya: Ookaam ribiya!	Load the camel!	رِبِيه: ۆ كام رِبِيه!
Rififa: Ubarmiil rififa! / irfif.	Pull! / He pulled the container.	رِفِفه: أُبَرمٍيل رِفِفه! / إرفِف.
Rigiga: Tutibalaaytook asa rigiga!	Stretch, raise your finger!	رِقِقه: تُتِبَلايتۆك أسه رِقِقه!
Rikwiya: Aneeb rikwiyaheeb / baarakwiiyaheeb!	Be afraid of me / Don't be afraid of me!	رِكْوِيه: أنێب رِكْوِيَهێب / بارَكْوٍييَهێب!
S'abika: Beenw'oor s'abikaheeb!	Catch that boy for me!	سأَبِكه: بێنوؤۆر سأَبِكَهێب!
S'ama: Tambiil (barooh) s'ama!	Let (him) ride a car!	سأَمه: تَمبٍيل (بَرۆه) سأَمه!
Shaakwa: Reew shaakwa!	Look after cattle.	شاكْوه: رێو شاكْوه!
Shaawa: Yam shaawa!	Add water!	شاوه: يَم شاوه!
Shawawiya: Y'ar shawawiya / baashawawiiya!	Incite the boys against each other / Don't incite the boys against each other!	شَوَوِيه: يِأَر شَوَوِيه / باشَوَوٍييه!
Shawawiya: Y'ar shawawiya!	Gather the boys!	شَوَوِيه: يِأَر شَوَوِيه!
Shibashikwa: Ootam shibashikwa!	Get the food ready, cause to be ready!	شِبَشِكْوه: ۆ تَم شِبَشِكْوه!
Shibiba: Been'eenda shibiba!	Glance at those men!	شِبِبه: بێنئێنده شِبِبه!
Shibiba: Tootrig shibiba!	Look at, watch the moon!	شِبِبه: تۆترِق شِبِبه!
Shidhidha: Oomooz shidhidha!	Peel the banana!	شِڈِڈه: ۆ مۆز شِڈِڈه!
Shigwidha: Y'ayeek shigwidha! / y'ayeeh ishgwidh.	Wash your hands! / He washed his hands.	شِقْوِڈه: يِأَيێك شِقْوِڈه! / يِأَيێه إشقْوِڈ.
Shigwidha: Yhalakaayeek shigwidha!	Wash your clothes!	شِقْوِڈه: يِهَلَكايێك شِقْوِڈه!
Shiishalika: Oobuun shiishalika!	Reduce the coffee !	شٍيشَلِكه: ۆ بٌون شٍيشَلِكه!
Shikidha: Y'ayeek shikidha, shakiidha! / baashakiidha!	Scratch your hands / Don't scratch your hands!	شِكِڈه: يِأَيێك شِكِڈه! شَكٍيڈه / باشَكٍيڈه!
Shitita: Yhalakaayeek shitita! / baashatiita!	Tear your clothes (apart) / Don't tear your clothes (apart)!	شِتِته: يِهَلَكايێك شِتِته / باشَتٍيته!
Sidabila: Y'ar sidabila!	Gather the children!	سِدَبِله: يِأَر سِدَبِله!
Sigiya: Ugwharaayi sigiya!	Distance (yourself), be far from the thief!	سِقِيه: أُقْوهَرايے سِقِيه!
Siisaga: Ooyaas siisaga!	Let the dog be far (Chase it away)!	سٍيسَقه: ۆ ياس سٍيسَقه!
Sikwa: Ooluul sikwa!	Pull (M) the string!	سِكْوه: ۆ لٌول سِكْوه!
Sikwiya: Ugwhara sikwiya!	Run after the thief!	سِكْوِيه: أُقْوهَره سِكْوِيه!
Sima: W'oorook sima!	Name your son!	سِمه: وؤۆرۆك سِمه!
Sinaakira: Barooh sinaakira!	Listen to him!	سِناكِره: بَرۆه سِناكِره!
Sinaakira: Ibhaliiyi sinaakira!	Listen to my words!	سِناكِره: إبهَلٍييے سِناكِره!
Sinaakira: Uraadiyu sinaakira!	Listen to the radio!	سِناكِره: أُرادِيُ سِناكِره!
Sinhada: Oon'ootam sinhada!	Finish that porridge!	سِنهَده: ۆنؤۆتَم سِنهَده!
Sinhasa: Tukwooba sinhasa!	Clean the bowl!	سِنهَسه: تُكْوۆبه سِنهَسه!
Siniya: W'oor siniya!	Wait for the boy!	سِنِيه: وؤۆر سِنِيه!
T'iya: Baabook t'iya!	Be similar to your father (Imitate him)!	تإِيه: بابۆك تإِيه!
Tara: Ugawoon tara! / itar.	Avoid! / He avoided our house.	تَره: أُقَوۆن تَره! / إتَر.
Tara: W'awi tara! / itar.	Dodge! / He dodged the stone.	تَره: وُأَوے تَره! / إتَر.
Tha'a, th'a: Oobaab tha'a!	Beat, knock at the door!	ٹَأه, ٹأه: ۆ باب ٹَأه!
Tha'a, th'a: Talafoon tha'a! / ith'a.	Ring the phone! / The telephone rang.	ٹَأه, ٹأه: تَلَفۆن ٹَأه! / إٹأه.
Thab'a / thaba'a: Ookaam thaba'a!	Beat the camel much (Rep)!	ٹَبأه / ٹَبَأه: ۆ كام ٹَبَأه!
Thiwiya: Ooluul thiwiya!	Squeeze the rope!	ٹِوِيه: ۆ لٌول ٹِوِيه!
Tiba: Tukaroora tiba!	Fill the bottle!	تِبه: تُكَرۆره تِبه!
Tifira: Oor tifiri / tifri.	She gave birth to a boy.	تِفِره: ۆ رتِفِرے / تِفرے.
Tikwikwa: Tarabeezaat tikwikwa!	Produce a table!	تِكْوِكْوه: تَرَبێزات تِكْوِكْوه!
Tikwiya: Ootam tikwiyi!	Cook (F) the porridge!	تِكْوِيه: ۆ تَم تِكْوِيے!
Tikwiya: Toosha, toolam tikwiya!	Cook (M) the meat, broth!	تِكْوِيه: تۆشه, تۆلَم تِكْوِيه!
Tilisa: Unisrik tilisa / baataliisa!	Don't cheat the child!	تِلِسه: أُنِسرِك تِلِسه! / باتَلٍيسه!
Tilisa: Unisrik tilisa! / iitlis.	Cheat! / He cheated the child.	تِلِسه: أُنِسرِك تِلِسه! / إيتلِس.
Tiriba: Imhallaga tiriba!	Divide the money!	تِرِبه: إمهَلَّقه تِرِبه!
Uba: Umii'at uba!	Follow the trace!	أُبه: أُمٍيأَت أُبه!
Usha: Oogaw usha!	Leave the house!	أُشه: ۆقَو أُشه!
Wika: W'ayook wika / baawiika!	Cut, scratch your hand / Don't cut, scratch your hand!	وِكه: وُأَيۆك وِكه!/ باوٍيكه!
Yaaya: Baabook yaaya / baayaaya!	Blame your father / Don't blame your father!	يايه: بابۆك يايه! / بايايه!
Yiya: Ashshigeet yaay baayaaya! / iyiya.	Don't die a sudden (hurried) death! / He died.	يِيه: أشِّقێت ياي بايايه! / إيِيه.

Weak and Strong Verbs with Object Suffixes 1 (M)

Raataaheeb! / raatanihook.	Ask (M) me! / I ask you (M).	راتاهێب! / راتَنِهۆك.
Afooyaaheeb! / afooyanihook.	Excuse (M) me! / I excuse you (M).	أفۆياهێب! / أفۆيَنِهۆك.
Tamsaaheeb! / tamsanihook.	Feed (M) me! / I feed you (M).	تَمساهێب! / تَمسَنِهۆك.
Gw'asaaheeb! / gw'asanihook.	Give me something to drink (M)! / I give you (M) something to drink.	قْوأَساهێب! / قْوأَسَنِهۆك.
Salaamaaheeb! / salaamanihook.	Greet (M) me! / I greet you (M).	سَلاماهێب! / سَلامَنِهۆك.
Rhisaaheeb! / rhisanihook.	Show (M) me! / I show you (M).	رهِساهێب! / رهِسَنِهۆك.
Sooyaaheeb! / sooyanihook.	Tell (M) (inform) me! / I inform you (M).	سۆياهێب! / سۆيَنِهۆك.
Afhamaaheeb! / afhamanihook.	Understand (M) me! / I understand you (M).	أفهَماهێب! / أفهَمَنِهۆك.

Hiyaheeb! / aniiwhook.	Give (M) me! / I give you (M).	هِيَهێب! / أنٍيوهۆك.
Ushaheeb! / an'iishhook.	Leave (M) me! / I leave you (M).	أُشَهێب! / أنإيشهۆك.
Shibibaheeb! / ashanbiibhook.	See (look at) (M) me! / I look at you (M).	شِبِبَهێب! / أشَنبٍيبهۆك.

Weak and Strong Verbs with Object Suffixes 2 (F)

Raatiiheeb! / raatanihook.	Ask (F) me! / I ask you (F).	راتٍيهێب! / راتَنِهۆك.
Afooyiiheeb! / afooyanihook.	Excuse (F) me! / I excuse you (F).	أفۆيٍيهێب! / أفۆيَنِهۆك.
Tamsiiheeb! / tamsanihook.	Feed (F) me! / I feed you (F).	تَمسٍيهێب! / تَمسَنِهۆك.
Gw'asiiheeb! / gw'asanihook.	Give to drink (F) me! / I give you (F) something to drink.	قْوأَسٍيهێب! / قْوأَسَنِهۆك.
Salaamiiheeb! / salaamanihook.	Greet (F) me! / I greet you (F).	سَلامٍيهێب! / سَلامَنِهۆك.
Rhisiiheeb! / rhisanihook.	Show (F) me! / I show you (F).	رهِسٍيهێب! / رهِسَنِهۆك.
Sooyiiheeb! / sooyanihook.	Tell / inform (F) me! / I inform you (F).	سۆيٍيهێب! / سۆيَنِهۆك.
Afhamiiheeb! / afhamanihook.	Understand (F) me! / I understand you (F).	أفهَمٍيهێب! / أفهَمَنِهۆك.

Ushiheeb! / an'iishhook.	Leave (F) me! / I leave you (F).	أُشِهێب! / أنإيشهۆك.
Hiyiheeb! / aniiwhook.	Give (F) me! / I give you (F).	هِيِهێب! / أنٍيوهۆك.
Shibibiheeb! / ashanbiibhook.	See (look at) (F) me! / I see you (F).	شِبِبِهێب! / أشَنبٍيبهۆك.

Weak and Strong Verbs with Object Suffixes 3 (Pl)

Raataanahoon! / raatnayhookna.	Ask (Pl) us! / we ask you (Pl).	راتانَهۆن! / راتنَيهۆكنه.
Afooyaanahoon! / afoonayhookna.	Excuse (Pl) us! / we excuse you (Pl).	أفۆيانَهۆن! / أفۆنَيهۆكنه.
Tamsaanahoon! / tamsnayhookna.	Feed (Pl) us! / we feed you (Pl).	تَمسانَهۆن! / تَمسنَيهۆكنه.
Gw'asaanahoon! / gw'asnayhookna.	Give (Pl) us something to drink ! / we give you (Pl) something to drink.	قْوأَسانَهۆن! / قْوأَسنَيهۆكنه.
Salaamaanahoon! / salaamnayhookna.	Greet (Pl) us! / we greet you (Pl).	سَلامانَهۆن! / سَلامنَيهۆكنه.
Rhisaanahoon! / rhisnayhookna.	Show (Pl) us! / we show you (Pl).	رهِسانَهۆن! / رهِسنَيهۆكنه.
Sooyaanahoon! / soonayhookna.	Tell / inform (Pl) us! / we inform you (Pl).	سۆيانَهۆن! / سۆنَيهۆكنه.
Afhamaanahoon! / afhamnayhookna.	Understand (Pl) us! / we understand you (Pl).	أفهَمانَهۆن! / أفهَمنَيهۆكنه.

Hiinahoon! / neeyaawhookna.	Give (Pl) us! / we give you (Pl).	هٍينَهۆن! / نێياوهۆكنه.
Ushnahoon! / nee'ushhookna.	Leave (Pl) us! / we leave you (Pl).	أُشنَهۆن! / نێءُشهۆكنه.
Shibibnahoon! / nishabibhookna.	See look at (Pl) us! / we look at you (Pl).	شِبِبنَهۆن! / نِشَبِبهۆكنه.

Verbs Frequently Used with Object Suffixes

'Thank'

Ahammiidehook.	I thank, praise you (M).	أهَمٍّيدهۆك.
Ahammiidehook.	I thank, praise you (F).	أهَمٍّيدهۆك.
Ahammiidehookna.	I thank, praise you (Pl).	أهَمٍّيدهۆكنه.
Nhamidehook.	We thank, praise you (M).	نهَمِدهۆك.
Nhamidehook.	We thank, praise you (F).	نهَمِدهۆك.
Nhamidehookna.	We thank, praise you (Pl).	نهَمِدهۆكنه.

'Wash'

W'ayu ashangwiidh.	I wash my hand.	وُأَيُ أشَنقْوٍيڈ.
Y'ayi ashangwiidh.	I wash my hands.	يِأَيے أشَنقْوٍيڈ.
Tihamooti ashangwiidh.	I wash my hair (Pl).	تِهَمۆتے أشَنقْوٍيڈ.
Isahaanaayi ashangwiidh.	I wash my dishes.	إسَهانايے أشَنقْوٍيڈ.
Yhalakaayi ashangwiidh.	I wash my clothes.	يِهَلَكايے أشَنقْوٍيڈ.

Verbs with Two Objects

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A few verbs always have two objects. Even if not expressed, both are understood.

Verbs with Two Object Nouns

(Oomeek) urabi fiyika!	Load the luggage on the donkey, load the donkey with the luggage.	(ۆمێك) أُرَبے فِيِكه!
(Oomeek) wharru fiyika!	Load the donkey with the millet!	(ۆمێك) وُهَرُّ فِيِكه!
(Aneeb) yam gw'asaaheeb!	Give (M) me (something) to drink!	(أنێب) يَم قْوأَساهێب!
(Aneeb) mhallagaab hiyaheeb!	Give me some money!	(أنێب) مهَلَّقاب هِيَهێب!
(Oonbarooh) oorooh ikwaas.	He made (created) him his child!	(ۆنبَرۆه) ۆرۆه إكْواس.
(W'oorook) tuktaaba silamiida!	Learn, get your son used to writing!	(وؤۆرۆك) تُكتابه سِلَمٍيده!
(W'oorook) wharru sidabila!	Let your son collect the millet!	(وؤۆرۆك) وُهَرُّ سِدَبِله!
(W'oorook) dehaay sim soosima!	Let your boy be given a good name!	(وؤۆرۆك) دهاي سِم سۆسِمه!
(Barooh) meek s'ama!	Let him climb a donkey!	(بَرۆه) مێك سأَمه!
(Y'amna) diraar dirira!	Let the guests have supper!	(يِأَمنه) دِرار دِرِره!
(W'oorook) tugraaya silamida!	Let your son learn how to read (Lit the reading)!	(وؤۆرۆك) تُقرايه سِلَمِده!
(W'oorook) tuktaaba sookina!	Let your son know how to write (Lit cause your son to know the writing)!	(وؤۆرۆك) تُكتابه سۆكِنه!
(Oomeek) harroob ribiya!	Load the donkey with millet!	(ۆمێك) هَرّۆب رِبِيه!
(Unadaay) oorook kwaasa!	Make (create as) the orphan your child!	(أُنَداي) ۆرۆك كْواسه!
(Aneeb) imhallagaayi kwisiyaheeb!	Repay me my money!	(أنێب) إمهَلَّقايے كْوِسِيَهێب!
(W'oorook) tumidrasa sitooba!	Take your boy to (the) school!	(وؤۆرۆك) تُمِدرَسه سِتۆبه!

'To Give' with Two Objects

(Aneeb) w'ayook hiyaheeb!	Give (M) me your hand!	(أنێب) وُأَيۆك هِيَهێب!
W'ayook hiyahoon!	Give (M) us your hand!	وُأَيۆك هِيَهۆن!
W'ayook hiyiheeb!	Give (F) me your hand!	وُأَيۆك هِيِهێب!
W'ayook hiyihoon!	Give (F) us your hand!	وُأَيۆك هِيِهۆن!
Y'ayeekna hiinaheeb!	Give (Pl) me your (Pl) hands!	يِأَيێكنه هٍينَهێب!
Y'ayeekna hiinahoon!	Give (Pl) us your (Pl) hands!	يِأَيێكنه هٍينَهۆن!

'To Say' with Two Objects 1

(Barook) aab eeyadnahook?	What do they call you (M)?	(بَرۆك) آب ێيَدنَهۆك?
Aneeb Sayid eeyadnaheeb.	They call me Said.	أنێب سَيِد ێيَدنَهێب.
Batook aab eeyadnahook?	What do they call you (F)?	بَتۆك آب ێيَدنَهۆك?
Aneeb Zaynab eeyadnaheeb.	They call me Zaynab.	أنێب زَينَب ێيَدنَهێب.
Barooh aab eeyadna?	What do they call him?	بَرۆه آب ێيَدنه?
Barooh Aliib eeyadna.	They call him Ali.	بَرۆه ألٍيب ێيَدنه.
Batooh aab eeyadna?	What do they call her?	بَتۆه آب ێيَدنه?
Batooh Haliimaab eeyadna.	They call her Halima.	بَتۆه هَلٍيماب ێيَدنه.

'To Say' with Two Objects 2

(Bareekna) aab eeyadnahookna?	What do they call you (M Pl)?	(بَرێكنه) آب ێيَدنَهۆكنه?
Hinin Aliiwwa Abuuzaynabwa eeyadnahoon.	They call us Ali and Abuzaynab.	هِنِن ألٍيوّه أبٌوزَينَبوه ێيَدنَهۆن.
Bateekna aab eeyadnahookna?	What do they call you (F Pl)?	بَتێكنه آب ێيَدنَهۆكنه?
Hinin Haliimaabwa Zaynabwa, Zaynawwa eeyadnahoon.	They call us Halima and Zaynab.	هِنِن هَلٍيمابوه زَينَبوه, زَينَوّه ێيَدنَهۆن.
Bareeh aab eeyadna?	What do they call them (M)?	بَرێه آب ێيَدنه?
Bareeh Abduwwa Oosheekwa eeyadna.	They call them Abu and Oosheek.	بَرێه أبدُوّه ۆشێكْوه ێيَدنه.
Bateeh aab eeyadna?	What do they call them (F)?	بَتێه آب ێيَدنه?
Bateeh Haliimaabwa Zaynabwa eeyadnahoon.	They call us Halima and Zaynab.	بَتێه هَلٍيمابوه زَينَبوه ێيَدنَهۆن.

'To Return' with Object and Adverb

Uktaabook dehook adgi.	I returned (gave back) your (M) book to (for) you (M).	أُكتابۆك دهۆك أدقے.
Iktabookna dehookna adgi.	I returned your (Pl) books to you (Pl).	إكتَبۆكنه دهۆكنه أدقے.

Full Paradigm with Two Objects

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Here is the full paradigm of a verb with all subject and object pronoun suffixes - both positive and negative (further below).

'I gave to ...'

Aab tihiya?	Whom did you (M) give (it to)?	آب تِهِيه?

Barook ahihook.	I gave (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك أهِهۆك.
Batook ahihook.	I gave (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك أهِهۆك.
Barooh ahi.	I gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه أهے.
Batooh ahi.	I gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه أهے.
Bareekna ahihookna.	I gave (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه أهِهۆكنه.
Bateekna ahihookna.	I gave (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه أهِهۆكنه.
Bareeh ahi.	I gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه أهے.
Bateeh ahi.	I gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه أهے.

'You (M) gave to ...'

Aneeb tihiyaheeb.	You (M) gave (it to) me.	أنێب تِهِيَهێب.
Barooh tihiya.	You (M) gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه تِهِيه.
Batooh tihiya.	You (M) gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه تِهِيه.
Hinin tihiyahoon.	You (M) gave (it to) us.	هِنِن تِهِيَهۆن.
Bareeh tihiya.	You (M) gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه تِهِيه.
Bateeh tihiya.	You (M) gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه تِهِيه.

'You (F) gave to ...'

Aneeb tihiyiheeb.	You (F) gave (it to) me.	أنێب تِهِيِهێب.
Barooh tihiyi.	You (F) gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه تِهِيے.
Batooh tihiyi.	You (F) gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه تِهِيے.
Hinin tihiyihoon.	You (F) gave (it to) us.	هِنِن تِهِيِهۆن.
Bareeh tihiyi.	You (F) gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه تِهِيے.
Bateeh tihiyi.	You (F) gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه تِهِيے.

'He gave to ...'

Aneeb ihiheeb.	He gave (it to) me.	أنێب إهِهێب.
Barook ihihook.	He gave (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك إهِهۆك.
Batook ihihook.	He gave (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك إهِهۆك.
Barooh ihi.	He gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه إهے.
Batooh ihi.	He gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه إهے.
Hinin ihihoon.	He gave (it to) us.	هِنِن إهِهۆن.
Bareekna ihihookna.	He gave (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه إهِهۆكنه.
Bateekna ihihookna.	He gave (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه إهِهۆكنه.
Bareeh ihi.	He gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه إهے.
Bateeh ihi.	He gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه إهے.

'She gave to ...'

Aneeb tihiheeb.	She gave (it to) me.	أنێب تِهِهێب.
Barook tihihook.	She gave (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك تِهِهۆك.
Batook tihihook.	She gave (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك تِهِهۆك.
Barooh tihi.	She gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه تِهے.
Batooh tihi.	She gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه تِهے.
Hinin tihihoon.	She gave (it to) us.	هِنِن تِهِهۆن.
Bareekna tihihookna.	She gave (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه تِهِهۆكنه.
Bateekna tihihookna.	She gave (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه تِهِهۆكنه.
Bareeh tihi.	She gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه تِهے.
Bateeh tihi.	She gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه تِهے.

'We gave to ...'

Barook nihihook.	We gave (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك نِهِهۆك.
Batook nihihook.	We gave (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك نِهِهۆك.
Barooh nihi.	We gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه نِهے.
Batooh nihi.	We gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه نِهے.
Bareekna nihihookna.	We gave (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه نِهِهۆكنه.
Bateekna nihihookna.	We gave (it to) you (M Pl).	بَتێكنه نِهِهۆكنه.
Bareeh nihi.	We gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه نِهے.
Bateeh nihi.	We gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه نِهے.

'You (Pl) gave to ...'

Aneeb tihiinaheeb.	You (Pl) gave (it to) me.	أنێب تِهٍينَهێب.
Barooh tihiina.	You (Pl) gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه تِهٍينه.
Batooh tihiina.	You (Pl) gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه تِهٍينه.
Hinin tihiinahoon.	You (Pl) gave (it to) us.	هِنِن تِهٍينَهۆن.
Bareeh tihiina.	You (Pl) gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه تِهٍينه.
Bateeh tihiina.	You (Pl) gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه تِهٍينه.

'They gave to ...'

Aneeb ihiinheeb.	They gave (it to) me.	أنێب إهٍينهێب.
Barook ihiinhook.	They gave (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك إهٍينهۆك.
Batook ihiinhook.	They gave (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك إهٍينهۆك.
Barooh ihiin.	They gave (it to) him.	بَرۆه إهٍين.
Batooh ihiin.	They gave (it to) her.	بَتۆه إهٍين.
Hinin ihiinhoon.	They gave (it to) us.	هِنِن إهٍينهۆن.
Bareekna ihiinhookna.	They gave (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه إهٍينهۆكنه.
Bateekna ihiinhookna.	They gave (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه إهٍينهۆكنه.
Bareeh ihiin.	They gave (it to) them (M).	بَرێه إهٍين.
Bateeh ihiin.	They gave (it to) them (F).	بَتێه إهٍين.

Derivations and Synonyms

<391>

Basic verb stems can be changed to derived verbs like yak-aa 'start' > yak-s-aa 'let start'. The main Beja derivations are causative (cause the action) and passive (suffer the action). Other derivations include reflexive verbs (the action is directed to the one who acts), and repetitive verbs (the action is repeated).

<392>

Weak verbs attach the derivation after the root, strong verbs attach the same morpheme before the root.

Weak Verbs Grouped by Derivations

<393>

The verbs below are grouped by derivations such as causative, intensive or passive.

Causatives

Causative Verbs

Afhasiya / afisiya.	He let know, explained.	أفهَسِيه / أفِسِيه.
Agriisiya.	He let read, taught.	أقرٍيسِيه.
Allamsiya.	He let get used to, taught.	ألَّمسِيه.
Faayisiya.	He let be completed, finished.	فايِسِيه.
Giigsiya.	He let go, sold.	قٍيقسِيه.
Rhisiya.	He let see, showed.	رهِسِيه.

Causative Verbs With Two Objects

<394>

The -s marking causative forms usually expresses that another person is caused to perform an action. Therefore the causative verbs tend to have two objects, even though the objects may not be expressed as nouns or independent pronouns or suffixed pronouns.

Example 'Give (Lit cause) to Drink'

(Aneeb) yam gw'asaaheeb!	Give (M) me (not someone else) to drink!f	(أنێب) يَم قْوأَساهێب!
Yam gw'asaaheeb!	Give (M) me to drink!	يَم قْوأَساهێب!
Barooh / batooh / bateeh / yam gw'asaa!	Give (M) him / her / them (not someone else) to drink!	بَرۆه / بَتۆه / بَتێه / يَم قْوأَسا!
Yam gw'asaa!	Give (M) (him / her / them) to drink!	يَم قْوأَسا!
Yam gw'asiiheeb!	Give (F) me to drink!	يَم قْوأَسٍيهێب!
Yam gw'asaanaheeb!	Give (Pl) me to drink!	يَم قْوأَسانَهێب!
Yam gw'asaahoon!	Give (M) us to drink!	يَم قْوأَساهۆن!
Yam gw'asiihoon!	Give (F) us to drink!	يَم قْوأَسٍيهۆن!
Yam gw'asaanahoon!	Give (Pl) us to drink!	يَم قْوأَسانَهۆن!
Teekam yam gw'asaa!	Give (M) the camels (F) water to drink!	تێكَم يَم قْوأَسا!
Teekam yam gw'asii!	Give (F) the camels (F) water to drink!	تێكَم يَم قْوأَسِي!
Teekam yam gw'asaana!	Give (Pl) the camels (F) water to drink!	تێكَم يَم قْوأَسانه!

Social Verbs

<395>

The mutual or social action is expressed by the use of two affixes together: The -m 'passive' plus the -s 'causative'. The noun or adverb taktak 'each other' may serve as dummy object. Note that although some of the commands with a social or passive meaning - such as 'be entertained!' - may not have any function in normal everyday life, the imperative forms in -aa have been used here for the sake of consistency.

Examples: Social Verbs

Hatirsamaa!	Argue with (sb.)!	هَتِرسَما!
Ayaysamaa!	Be a relative with (sb.)!	أيَيسَما!
Hijiksamaa!	Be entertained, talk!	هِجِكسَما!
Assassamaa!	Be sure (Lit established)!	أسَّسَّما!
Araasamaa!	Be friendly!	أراسَما!
Araaweesamaa!	Be friends, share!	أراوێسَما!
Neeweesamaa!	Be insulted!	نێوێسَما!
Waasisamaa (wawaasisamaa)!	Be removed!	واَسِسَما (وَواسِسَما)!
Rhisamaa!	Be seen!	رهِسَما!
Shamaasamaa (shamsamaa)!	Bicker with (sb.)!	شَماسَما (شَمسَما)!
Bhaliisamaa!	Converse with (sb.)!	بهَلٍيسَما!
(Taktak) afhamsamaa!	Discuss with (sb.), explain!	(تَكتَك) أفهَمسَما!
Tamsamaa!	Eat with each other!	تَمسَما!
Hawaasamaa!	Entertain, play with (sb.)!	هَواسَما!
Nuunsamaa!	Exchange!	نٌونسَما!
Hadiidsamaa!	Let talk, cause to talk!	هَدٍيدسَما!
Afhamsamaa!	Let understand, explain!	أفهَمسَما!
Salaamsamaa!	Cause to greet!	سَلامسَما!
Hadiidsamaa!	Let talk!	هَدٍيدسَما!
Ajjabsamaa!	Let someone be surprised!	أجَّبسَما!
Naffasamaa!	Pretend to be happy!	نَفَّسَما!
Suursamaa!	Run a race with someone!	سٌورسَما!
Amaansamaa!	Trust each other!	أمانسَما!
Hireersamaa!	Walk about!	هِرێرسَما!

Passives

Examples: Past

Agriimiya.	It was read.	أقرٍيمِيه.
Allamamiya.	It was taught.	ألَّمَمِيه.
Eegriimamiya.	It was getting old.	ێقرٍيمَمِيه.
Faayamiya.	It was completed.	فايَمِيه.
Hukwumamiya.	It was ruled, decided.	هُكْوُمَمِيه.
Gw'amiya.	It (M) was consumed, drunk.	قْوأَمِيه.
Tamamiya.	It (M) was eaten.	تَمَمِيه.
Rhamiya.	He was seen.	رهَمِيه.
Rhamta.	She was seen.	رهَمته.

Examples with Subjects

Batuuk utalafooniib titeharriiwi.	You (F) are wanted at the phone.	بَتٌوك أُتَلَفۆنٍيب تِتهَرٍّيوے.
Uumooz tamamiya.	The banana was eaten.	أُومۆز تَمَمِيه.
Uumooz tamamiini.	The banana is (being) eaten.	أُومۆز تَمَمٍينے.
Uuttubaskaawi tamamtini.	This biscuit is (being) eaten.	أُوتُّبَسكاوے تَمَمتِنے.
Uun'ushaahi gw'amiini.	This tea is (being) consumed.	أُونءُشاهے قْوأَمٍينے.

'Be Rented': Past, Present

Uun'uugaw ajjaramiya.	This house (M) was rented.	أُونُوقَو أجَّرَمِيه.
Tuuttughurfa ajjaramta.	It (F) was rented.	تٌوتُّغُرفه أجَّرَمته.
Tuuttughurfa ajjaramtini.	It (F) is being rented.	تٌوتُّغُرفه أجَّرَمتِنے.
Ajjaramiyaan.	They were rented out.	أجَّرَمِيان.
Ajjaramtini.	It (F) is being rented out.	أجَّرَمتِنے.

'Be Consumed': Past / Present

Gw'amiya.	It (M) was consumed / drunk.	قْوأَمِيه.
Gw'amta.	It (F) was consumed / drunk.	قْوأَمته.
Gw'amiyaan.	They are consumed / drunk.	قْوأَمِيان.
Gw'amiini.	It (M) is consumed / drunk.	قْوأَمٍينے.
Gw'amtini.	It (F) is consumed / drunk.	قْوأَمتِنے.
Gw'ameen.	They are consumed / drunk.	قْوأَمێن.

'Be Consumed': Active / Passive

Active:
Aakam yhindi tamiyaana / tameen.	The camels ate the trees.	آكَم يِهِندے تَمِيانه / تَمێن.
Baraah rhiyaanhookna.	They saw you (Pl).	بَراه رهِيانهۆكنه.
Passive:
Yhindi tamamiyaan.	The trees were eaten.	يِهِندے تَمَمِيان.
Baraakna rhamteena.	You are seen.	بَراكنه رهَمتێنه.
Ushaahi gw'amiya.	The tea was consumed (Rep).	أُشاهے قْوأَمِيه.
Tujabana gw'amta.	The coffee (-pot) was consumed.	تُجَبَنه قْوأَمته.

Repeated Action

<396>

Some verbs express that the action is repeated over time, or over many objects. The form of these verbs is reduplicated, i.e., one syllable is repeated.

Reduplicated Weak Verbs

haggagaa	affirm, confirm	هَقَّقا
lablabaa	babble, talk	لَبلَبا
assassamaa	be established	أسَّسَّما
ayaysamaa	be a relative with	أيَيسَما
hanhan'aa	bray	هَنهَنآ
haggagsamaa	inquire, investigate (Ar)	هَقَّقسَما
witwitaa	grin, smile	وِتوِتا
gargaraa	gurgle	قَرقَرا
kilkilsaa	let move easily	كِلكِلسا
hamhamaa	bellow, neigh	هَمهَما
haddadaa	threaten	هَدَّدا

Strong Verbs Grouped by Derivations

<397>

The verbs below are grouped by derivations such as causative, passive etc. Strong verbs take prefixes.

Causatives

Example: 'Let be cheap'

Rhasaabu.	It / he is cheap.	رهَسابُ.
Unifsooh isrhas.	He made himself cheap / cheapened himself.	أُنِفسۆه إسرهَس.
Unifsook baasirhiisa!	Don't make yourself (M) cheap!	أُنِفسۆك باسِرهٍيسه!

Causative, Imperatives

Oobuun shiishalika!	Let the coffee be less!	ۆبٌون شٍيشَلِكه!
Tugraaya w'oorook sookina!	Let your son know the reading!	تُقرايه وؤۆرۆك سۆكِنه!
W'ooriiyook oor soosima!	Let your son's son be named!	وؤۆرٍييۆك ۆر سۆسِمه!

Causative Verbs with Objects

Oobaab (barooh) sehakwira!	Let (him) tie, cause him to, lock the door.	ۆباب (بَرۆه) سهَكْوِره!
Ibhaliiyi sinaakira!	Listen to my words!	إبهَلٍييے سِناكِره!
Ootam shibashikwa!	Let the porridge, meal get ready, cooked!	ۆتَم شِبَشِكْوه!
Wharru (barooh) sidabila!	Let (him) collect the millet!	وُهَرُّ (بَرۆه) سِدَبِله!
Tugraaya (w'oorook) silamida!	Let (your son) learn reading!	تُقرايه (وؤۆرۆك) سِلَمِده!
Oon'ootam isnhad.	He finished this porridge.	ۆنؤۆتَم إسنهَد.
Oogaw sinhasa!	Let the house, the pot be cleaned!	ۆقَو سِنهَسه!
Ooyaas siisaga!	Let the dog be far, cause (M) him to be far!	ۆياس سٍيسَقه!

Passives

'Be Worn': Past, Present

Active:
Akwi.	I wore.	أكْوے.
Passive:
Itookwkwaay.	It (M) was worn.	إتۆكْوكْواي.
Titookwkwaay.	It (F) was worn.	تِتۆكْوكْواي.
Itookwkwaayna.	They were worn.	إتۆكْوكْواينه.
Itookwkwi.	It (M) is worn.	إتۆكْوكْوے.
Titookwkwi.	It (F) is worn.	تِتۆكْوكْوے.
Itookwkwin.	They are worn.	إتۆكْوكْوِن.

'Be Married': Past Paradigm

Impv:
Atood'aari!	Get (F) married!	أتۆدآرے!
Past:
Atood'aar.	I (F) got married.	أتۆدآر.
Titood'aari.	You (F) got married.	تِتۆدآرے.
Titood'aar.	She got married.	تِتۆدآر.
Nitood'aar.	We got married.	نِتۆدآر.
Titood'aarna.	You (F Pl) got married.	تِتۆدآرنه.
Itood'aarna / Tikwaati kastaa itood'aarna.	They (F) / All my sisters got married.	إتۆدآرنه / تِكْواتے كَستا إتۆدآرنه.

'Be Married': Present Paradigm

Pres:
Atood'iir.	I (F) get married.	أتۆدإير.
Titood'iiri.	You (F) get married.	تِتۆدإيرے.
Titood'iir.	She gets married.	تِتۆدإير.
Nitood'iir.	We (F) get married.	نِتۆدإير.
Titood'iirna.	You (F Pl) get married.	تِتۆدإيرنه.
Itood'iirna.	They (F) get married.	إتۆدإيرنه.
Various:
Ituud'iir andi.	I (F) will get married.	إتٌودإير أندے.
Biitood'aari!	Don't (F) get married!	بٍيتۆدآرے!
Kaatood'aar.	I (F) don't get married.	كاتۆدآر.
Ad'uraat kaaki.	I (F) am not married.	أدءُرات كاكے.

Examples: Past, Present

Ugwhara it'abaak.	The thief was caught.	أُقْوهَره إتأَباك.
Ugwhara it'abiik.	The thief is caught.	أُقْوهَره إتأَبٍيك.
Tidlab.	It (F) was sold.	تِدلَب.
Titdalliib > dd / tiddalliib.	It (F) is being sold.	تِتدَلٍّيب > دّ/ تِدَّلٍّيب.
Atookkaan / atookkiin.	I was / am known.	أتۆكّان / أتۆكٍّين.
Nitookkiin.	We are known.	نِتۆكٍّين.
Iru bitkaay kat'aatu.	The day before yesterday it (F) was broken.	إرُ بِتكاي كَتآتُ.
Aamoor kat'a.	The bed is broken.	آمۆر كَتأه.

Social, Mutual Action

Social Verbs with Object

Baabook ammakkaara!	Consult with your father!	بابۆك أمَّكّاره!
Been'ootak amookkaana!	Know that man!	بێنؤۆتَك أمۆكّانه!
Baabook amooraama!	Accompany your father!	بابۆك أمۆرامه!
Ammararaayna!	Meet with each other!	أمَّرَراينه!
Ammakakaarna!	Consult each other!	أمَّكَكارنه!
Amookakaanna!	Know each other!	أمۆكَكانّه!
Amooraraamna!	Accompany each other!	أمۆرَرامنه!
Baabook amtaraama!	Respect your father!	بابۆك أمتَرامه!
Sanook amfaraada!	Talk to your brother!	سَنۆك أمفَراده!

Paradigm: 'Tolerate'

Amtariim.	I respect, tolerate.	أمتَرٍيم.
Timtariima.	You (M) respect.	تِمتَرٍيمه.
Timtariimi.	You (F) respect.	تِمتَرٍيمے.
Imtariim.	He respects.	إمتَرٍيم.
Timtariim.	She respects.	تِمتَرٍيم.
Past:
Amtarraam.	I respected, tolerated.	أمتَرّام.
Timtarraama.	You (M) respected.	تِمتَرّامه.
Timtarraami.	You (F) respected.	تِمتَرّامے.
Imtarraam.	He respected.	إمتَرّام.
Timtarraam.	She respected.	تِمتَرّام.

Repeated or Circular Motion

Reduplicated Verbs

<398>

There are many strong verbs in which the third consonant echoes the second.

<399>

In weak verbs this would always express repeated action. In strong verbs, this is not always the case, but for about half of these verbs, it does express repeated or circular motion.

Transitive:
adhidha	peel, e.g. bananas	أڈِڈه
adhidha	hobble, tie ropes around camel's front legs	أڈِڈه
birira	unroll	بِرِره
dhibiba	coil	ڈِبِبه
dinina	crow, shout (Rep)	دِنِنه
fikika	slice	فِكِكه
fitita	comb, lift	فِتِته
hakika	comb	هَكِكه
hakwikwa	scrape, grind	هَكْوِكْوه
hasisa	rub, stroke	هَسِسه
hatita	erase	هَتِته
kirira	veil	كِرِره
kisisa	roll	كِسِسه
kwibiba	cut	كْوِبِبه
kwidhidha	make round	كْوِڈِڈه
kwilila	surround	كْوِلِله
libiba	gird someone else's loins	لِبِبه
lidida	tie together	لِدِده
liwiwa	go around (sth.)	لِوِوه
midida	shave, clean	مِدِده
shidhidha	peel	شِڈِڈه
shimima	wrap	شِمِمه
shitita	tear	شِتِته
sififa	splice	سِفِفه
silila	cut in strips	سِلِله
simima	smear	سِمِمه
tibiba	construct	تِبِبه
tikwikwa	prepare, produce	تِكْوِكْوه
tirira	spin	تِرِره
widida	persist	وِدِده
yisisa	wipe, rub	يِسِسه
Intransitive:
kwidhadha	be round	كْوِڈَڈه
kwilala	be surrounded	كْوِلَله
libaba	gird one's loins	لِبَبه

Weak and Strong Verbs Grouped by Synonyms

<400>

Here below, verbs of all grammatical classes are grouped by their meaning only: Verbs of similar meanings (near synonyms) are listed in the same group, such as all verbs of moving, all verbs of preparing food, etc.

'Cleaning'

Oogaw kwinishaa!	Sweep (M) the house!	ۆقَو كْوِنِشا!
Tukwoosha kwinishaa!	Sweep, clear (M) the rubbish!	تُكْوۆشه كْوِنِشا!
Tutarabeeza mhaga!	Wipe (M) the table.	تُتَرَبێزه مهَقه!
Whalakook nif'a (nifa'a)!	Dust, shake (M) your (Sg) clothes (Lit cloth)!	وُهَلَكۆك نِفأه (نِفَأه)!
Tusabuura sinhasa!	Clean the blackboard (Ar)!	تُسَبٌوره سِنهَسه!

'Covering'

Baabook humiya!	Cover your father!	بابۆك هُمِيه!
Naanhooy ifiireek kitihumiyi?	Why don't you (F) cover your face?	نانهۆي إفٍيرێك كِتِهُمِيے?
Naanhooy ifiireekna kitihumiina?	Why don't you (Pl) cover your face?	نانهۆي إفٍيرێكنه كِتِهُمٍينه?
Ifiireek humiyi!	Cover (F) your face (with cloth etc.)!	إفٍيرێك هُمِيے!
Ifiireekna humiina!	Cover (Pl) your face (with cloth etc.)!	إفٍيرێكنه هُمٍينه!
Naanhooy ifiireek hummiyi?	Why do you (F) cover your face?	نانهۆي إفٍيرێك هُمِّيے?
Naanhooy ifiireekna tiheemna?	Why do you (Pl) cover your face?	نانهۆي إفٍيرێكنه تِهێمنه?
Tu'ulba / ti'ilba assaa!	Cover (M) the tin / tins (with a lid)!	تُءُلبه / تِإِلبه أسّا!
Tukwooba / tikwooba assaa!	Cover (M) the pot / pots!	تُكْوۆبه / تِكْوۆبه أسّا!
Usanduuk / isandik assaa!	Cover (M) the box / boxes!	أُسَندٌوك / إسَندِك أسّا!
Tu'ulba / ti'ilba assii!	Cover (F) the tin / tins!	تُءُلبه / تِإِلبه أسِّي!
Usanduuk / isandik assii!	Cover (F) the box / boxes!	أُسَندٌوك / إسَندِك أسِّي!

'Doing / Working'

Naan saktiniya / saktinii / sakteena?	What are you (M) / (F) / (Pl) doing (said when (sth.) happens)?	نان سَكتِنِيه / سَكتِنِي / سَكتێنه?
Naan daatiniya / daatnii / daateena?	What are you (M) / (F) / (Pl) doing (asking information)?	نان داتِنِيه / داتنِي / داتێنه?
Naan daatiya / daatii / daatiina?	What were you (M) / (F) / (Pl) doing?	نان داتِيه / داتِي / داتٍينه?
Naan daataa / daataayi / daataana?	What did you (M) / (F) / (Pl) do?	نان داتا / داتايے / داتانه?
Iru shanha eeneenaaka daayaab kaaki.	Yesterday I did not do any work.	إرُ شَنهه ێنێناكه داياب كاكے.
Ushanhoon daaniiyay!	Let us do our work!	أُشَنهۆن دانٍييَي!
Hindeeh, ti-har'oon tihay daaniiyay!	Please, let us do what (F) remains (Lit is left for us)!	هِندّه, تے-هَرؤۆن تِهَي دانٍييَي!
Naat iiwra kaadi.	I will do nothing (with it).	نات إيوره كادے.
Mhallagaayeek naan tiwariya?	What do you do with your money?	مهَلَّقايێك نان تِوَرِيه?
Tudaayiina tiweerihoob, naafti toomaag jazaayihook.	When you do good to someone, he may reward you badly.	تُدايٍينه تِوێرِهۆب, نافتے تۆماق جَزايِهۆك.
Naan dan'iya?	What are you doing (M)?	نان دَنإِيه?
Tulitneen haddiit naat ad'a kaadi.	Till Monday I won't do, don't want to do, anything.	تُلِتنێن هَدٍّيت نات أدأه كادے.
Tuwaraga naan d'iya tindiya?	What are you going to do with the paper?	تُوَرَقه نان دإِيه تِندِيه?
Oon'umsajal naan d'iya tindiya?	What are you going to do with this recorder?	ۆنءُمسَجَل نان دإِيه تِندِيه?
Een'imhallaga naan d'iya tindiya?	What are you going to do with this money (Pl)?	ێنإِمهَلَّقه نان دإِيه تِندِيه?

'Gathering'

Oon'uwarag hiddaab dibila / likwita!	Gather (M) this paper (M) together!	ۆنءُوَرَق هِدّاب دِبِله / لِكْوِته!
W'issi oon'oomhiin baaradiima!	Don't heap up the sand here!	وُإِسّے ۆنؤۆمهٍين بارَدٍيمه!
W'andhu oon'oomhiin baalakwiita!	Don't pick up the dung here!	وُأَنڈُ ۆنؤۆمهٍين بالَكْوٍيته!
Ooreew shawawiya!	Drive, bring together the cattle!	ۆرێو شَوَوِيه!

'Getting, Having'

Miriyaab kaaki.	I didn't find, get.	مِرِياب كاكے.
Imaar andi.	I will find.	إمار أندے.
Biriyaab kaaki.	I did not have.	بِرِياب كاكے.
Uunbaruuh aniibu.	This one (M) is mine.	أُونبَرٌوه أنٍيبُ.

'Going, Leaving'

Usikkaayook saka!	Go your way!	أُسِكّايۆك سَكه!
Oon'umhiinaani giigaa!	Go away from here!	ۆنءُمهٍينانے قٍيقا!
Oon'umhiinaani difa!	Go away, leave from here!	ۆنءُمهٍينانے دِفه!
Oon'oomhiinaan usha!	Leave, go out from this place!	ۆنؤۆمهٍينان أُشه!
Oosuug baya!	Go to the market.	ۆسٌوق بَيه!
Baabook kitima!	Go to, reach your father!	بابۆك كِتِمه!
Asmaraab mari iibaaba!	Travel toward, up to Asmara.	أسمَراب مَرے إيبابه!

'Helping, Supporting'

Baabook a'awi.	I helped your (Sg) father.	بابۆك أأَوے.
Y'araweek ansiraa!	Support, help (M) your (M) friends!	يِأَرَوێك أنسِرا!
Ootak unhawiib (whireer ba'adgiray) saanada!	Help (M) the weak, disabled man (who cannot walk).	ۆتَك أُنهَوٍيب (وُهِرێر بَأَدقِرَي) سانَده!

'Knocking, Hammering'

Oobaab kwila!	Knock, hammer at the door!	ۆباب كْوِله!
Oobaab tha'a!	Knock, beat at the door!	ۆباب ٹَأه!
Talafoon dehooyu tha'a!	Phone (to, for) me!	تَلَفۆن دهۆيُ ٹَأه!
Utalafoon ith'a.	The phone rang.	أُتَلَفۆن إٹأه.
W'adi thiba!	Make the skin container wet (so it won't crack)!	وُأَدے ٹِبه!
Usanduuk kadhawshaa!	Shake the box!	أُسَندٌوك كَڈَوشا!
Tutarabeeza kwila!	Knock, hammer at the table (to produce or repair it)!	تُتَرَبێزه كْوِله!
Ookaam daayiib shakwiitaa!	Beat the camel well (sufficiently)!	ۆكام دايٍيب شَكْوٍيتا!

'Looking, Seeing'

Hindeeh, been'ootak shibbaan!	Please, look at that man.	هِندّه, بێنؤۆتَك شِبّان!
Naan rhitiniya?	What do you see?	نان رهِتِنِيه?
Tutil'iitii gwuugamaa!	Glance through the hole!	تُتِلإيتِي قْوٌوقَما!
Naanhooy bak shanniinaheeb?	Why do you stare at me like that?	نانهۆي بَك شَنٍّينَهێب?
Ushanhook ugin'ook hooy d'iya!	Put your mind at, into your work!	أُشَنهۆك أُقِنؤۆك هۆي دإِيه!
Bak baadiiraana!	Don't (Pl) stare like that!	بَك بادٍيرانه!

'Measuring, Counting'

Giisaa / giisii / giisaana!	Measure estimate (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	قٍيسا / قٍيسِي / قٍيسانه!
Ab'araa / ab'arii / ab'araana!	Measure (sth.) (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	أبأَرا / أبأَرِي / أبأَرانه!
Mhuudha / mhuudhi / mhuudhna!	Measure by mhuuda [17] (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	مهٌوڈه / مهٌوڈے / مهٌوڈنه!
Gwilaha / gwilahi / gwilhana!	Measure by ulna [18] (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	قْوِلَهه / قْوِلَهے / قْوِلهَنه!
Shilika / shiliki / shilikna!	Reduce (sth.), make (sth.) small (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شِلِكه / شِلِكے / شِلِكنه!
Ani giisan / abbaran.	I estimated / I measured.	أنے قٍيسَن / أبَّرَن.
Eekam dhigwiya!	Count the camels!	ێكَم ڈِقْوِيه!

'Moving Down'

Whindi whii tikwaa!	Descend from the tree!	وُهِندے وهِي تِكْوا!
Usuugiit gidehooy daayiitu.	Descending to the market is good.	أُسٌوقٍيت قِدهۆي دايٍيتُ.
Tutakattiida kwibara!	Come down to the woman, for the woman's sake!	تُتَكَتٍّيده كْوِبَره!

'Needing, Wanting'

Baruuh gwida shanha harwaabu.	It, he needs a lot of work.	بَرٌوه قْوِده شَنهه هَروابُ.
Uun'ushanha ugin'u hooy d'uuw harwaabu.	This work needs my attention (Lit putting my heart, mind on it).	أُونءُشَنهه أُقِنءُ هۆي دُوو هَروابُ.
Uun'utak awiyaayt harwaabu.	This man needs help.	أُونءُتَك أوِيايت هَروابُ.
Uun'unadaay halakaab harwaabu.	This orphan (M) needs clothes.	أُونءُنَداي هَلَكاب هَروابُ.
Tuuttujabana mheel harwaatu.	This coffee needs ginger.	تٌوتُّجَبَنه مهێل هَرواتُ.
Uun'uutak uulha mheel harwaabu.	This sick man needs medicine.	أُونُوتَك أُولهه مهێل هَروابُ.
Ani daktoor akatiyeena minniimani.	I wish (Lit the thing) to become a doctor.	أنے دَكتۆر أكَتِيێنه مِنٍّيمَنے.
Naan harriiwa? Aab harriiwa?	What do you (M) want? Whom do you (M) want?	نان هَرٍّيوه?آ بهَرٍّيوه?
Hasirhook abari.	I have a need for you.	هَسِرهۆك أبَرے.
Miraadehook abari.	I long for you (Lit have a desire for you).	مِرادهۆك أبَرے.
Naan areetniya?	What do you (M) love?	نان أرێتنِيه?
Naanaatiida shinhaawa?	What do you (M) desire?	ناناتٍيده شِنهاوه?

Naan gw'ata? / Naat gw'i kaadi.	What would you like to drink? / I won't drink anything.	نان قْوأَته? / نات قْوإِ كادے.
Naan tamata? / Naat tami kaadi.	What would you like to eat? / I won't eat anything.	نان تَمَته? / نات تَمے كادے.
Naan rhata? / Naat rhi kaadi.	What would you like to see? / I won't see anything.	نان رهَته? / نات رهے كادے.
Naan miriyata? / Naat imaar kaadi.	What would you like to find? / I won't find anything.	نان مِرِيَته? / نات إمار كادے.

'Preparing Food'

Ushaahi sinaba'a / shoofisha!	Warm up the tea!	أُشاهے سِنَبَأه / شۆفِشه!
M'aana, jabanaat d'itiit gin'a diwniiyay!	Come, let us make 'jabana' and chat!	مآنه, جَبَنات دإِتٍيت قِنأه دِونٍييَي!
Ti'a gishiya!	Boil the milk (or any liquid)!	تِأه قِشِيه!
Ootam tikwiya.	Cook the porridge (food).	ۆتَم تِكْوِيه.
Toosha / toolam shibashikwa!	Cook, get ready the meat / the meal!	تۆشه / تۆلَم شِبَشِكْوه!
Tudiifu / ubiltu / toosha gwira!	Roast the grain / durrah porridge / the meat!	تُدٍيفُ / أُبِلتُ / تۆشه قْوِره!
Tudiifu / toosha / ugwaraar kwimiya!	Grill the grain / the meat / the colon!	تُدٍيفُ / تۆشه / أُقْوَرار كْوِمِيه!

'Putting, Placing'

Oon'oomhiin d'iya!	Put it here!	ۆنؤۆمهٍين دإِيه!
Oon'oomhiin daasaa!	Put [19] it here!	ۆنؤۆمهٍين داسا!
Been'oomhiin daasaa!	Put it there!	بێنؤۆمهٍين داسا!

'Reminding, Forgetting'

Sh'asaa / sh'asii / sh'asaana!	Remind (M) / (F) / (Pl)!	شأَسا / شأَسِي / شأَسانه!
Baabook sh'astiniyaheeb / sh'astaheeb.	You remind / reminded me of your (M) father.	بابۆك شأَستِنِيَهێب / شأَستَهێب.
Ibhaliiyaak baabook sh'aseenheeb / sh'asiyaanheeb.	Your language reminds / reminded me of your (M) father.	إبهَلٍيياك بابۆك شأَسێنهێب / شأَسِيانهێب.
Whireeruuk baabook sh'asiiniheeb.	Your walking (M) reminds me of your father.	وُهِرێرٌوك بابۆك شأَسٍينِهێب.
Tiliiliitaak baabook sh'aseenheeb.	Your eyes remind me of your father.	تِلٍيلٍيتاك بابۆك شأَسێنهێب.
Simaayaat nibari. Baabaadhiina!	We have a naming ceremony [20]. Don't (M) forget!	سِمايات نِبَرے. باباڈٍينه!
Sh'asaaheeb / sh'asaanaheeb!	Remind (M) me! / Remind (Pl) me!	شأَساهێب / شأَسانَهێب!
Sh'asaayu bitkaayeek, iibdhan iiyid / abaadhin.	If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten / I would forget.	شأَسايُ بِتكايێك, إي بڈَن إييِد / أباڈِن.

'Sending, Taking To'

Oon'ujawaab lhayt haddiit diigwataa!	Send this letter till tomorrow!	ۆنءُجَواب لهَيت هَدٍّيت دٍيقْوَتا!
W'oorook lingwuuyaa!	Send your son!	وؤۆرۆك لِنقْوٌويا!
W'oorook tumadrasa sitooba!	Take your son to school!	وؤۆرۆك تُمَدرَسه سِتۆبه!
Asmaraab soobaya!	Take him (make him go) to Asmara.	أسمَراب سۆبَيه!

'Separating, Cutting'

Whadhi kit'a (kita'a)!	Break off the bread!	وُهَڈے كِتأه (كِتَأه)!
Fartaka!	Disperse!	فَرتَكه!
Oomooz shadhiidha / shidhidha!	Peel the banana (Rep) / peel once!	ۆمۆز شَڈٍيڈه / شِڈِڈه!
Tuwaraga shirima!	Rip the paper (M) apart!	تُوَرَقه شِرِمه!

'Speaking, Talking'

Baabook sooyaa!	Tell, inform (M) your father!	بابۆك سۆيا!
Bak bahadiidaa!	Don't (M) talk like that!	بَك بَهَدٍيدا!
Amaag naati bhaliyeeb baabhaliiyaa!	Don't (M) speak words of bad things!	أماق ناتے بهَلِيێب بابهَلٍييا!
Eegriimkaayuuk tak hadiidiinihoob, baruuk naafti bahadiidaa!	When a man older than you (M) speaks, don't (M) talk back (Lit talk again)!	ێقرٍيمكايٌوك تَك هَدٍيدٍينِهۆب, بَرٌوك نافتے بَهَدٍيدا!
Wharaayr'i ba'amfariida!	Don't (M) talk to the liar!	وُهَرايرإِ بَأَمفَرٍيده!
Baalablabaana!	Don't (M) babble, talk much!	بالَبلَبانه!
Hindeeh, hijkaana! Hijikt hadiidaana!	Please talk (Pl)! Make (Pl) some conversation, say something!	هِندّه, هِجكانه! هِجِكت هَدٍيدانه!
Gaana diina!	Say (Pl) something!	قانه دٍينه!
Sakanaab tibariyeek, sakanaayaahoon!	If you (M) have any news, tell us!	سَكَناب تِبَرِيێك, سَكَناياهۆن!
Gin'a diwniiyay! Ugin'adu daayiibu	Let us chat. Chatting is fun.	قِنأه دِونٍييَي!أُ قِنأَدُ دايٍيبُ

'Suffering, Being Sick'

Lhaab aki.	I became sick.	لهاب أكے.
Malaal abi.	I had diarrhea.	مَلال أبے.
Huutaman.	I vomited.	هٌوتَمَن.
Gwirhaayan.	I suffered.	قْوِرهايَن.

'Teaching, Learning'

Wooh Mudarris [21]! Y'ar allamsaa / agriisaa!	Oh teacher! Teach the boys / let the boys read !	وۆه مُدَرِّس! يِأَر ألَّمسا / أقرٍيسا!
Wooh Ustaaz! Y'ar ireesaa!	Oh teacher! Teach (Lit make read) the children (M)!	وۆه أُستاز! يِأَر إرێسا!
Wooh Ukwooja! Y'ar sookina!	Oh teacher! Teach (inform) the children (M)!	وۆه أُكْوۆجه! يِأَر سۆكِنه!
Wooh Agriisana! Y'ar agriisaa!	Oh teacher! Teach (let read) the children (M)!	وۆه أقرٍيسَنه! يِأَر أقرٍيسا!

Negation

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Negation in nominal predicates uses the verb kaya 'to become' with the prefix k- 'not'.

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Negation in verbal predicates uses the prefix k- 'not' with all verbs. In imperative and subordinate verbs, the prefix is ba- 'don't!' or 'not to'. Negative auxiliary verbs like 'to fail to, refuse to, not like to' are also used to express negation.

Negation in Nominal Predicates (Repetition)

Paradigm 'Not to be' 1

Baruuk haraayr'iiwa?	Are you a liar?	بَرٌوك هَرايرإيوه?

Haraayr'iib kaaki.	I am not a liar.	هَرايرإيب كاكے.
Haraayr'iib kittaa.	You (M) are not a liar.	هَرايرإيب كِتّا.
Haraayr'iit kittaayi.	You (F) are not a liar.	هَرايرإيت كِتّايے.
Haraayr'iib kiiki.	He is not a liar.	هَرايرإيب كٍيكے.
Haraayr'iit kitti.	She is not a liar.	هَرايرإيت كِتّے.
Haraayr'iib kinki.	We are not liars.	هَرايرإيب كِنكے.
Haraayr'iib / haraayr'iit kitteena.	You (M Pl) / (F Pl) are not liars.	هَرايرإيب / هَرايرإيت كِتّێنه.
Haraayr'iib / haraayr'iit kiikeen.	They (M) / (F) are not liars.	هَرايرإيب / هَرايرإيت كٍيكێن.

'Not to be (Sg)'

Baruuk sidkiiwa?	You (M), are you (M) serious, true?	بَرٌوك سِدكٍيوه?
Ani sidkiibu, haraayr'iib / gwisireeb kaaki!	I, I am serious, I am not a liar / liar!	أنے سِدكٍيبُ, هَرايرإيب / قْوِسِرێب كاكے!
Sidkiiwa, haraayr'iib / gwisireeb kittaa.	You (M) are serious, not a liar / liar.	سِدكٍيوه, هَرايرإيب / قْوِسِرێب كِتّا.
Sidkiituwi, haraayr'iit / gwisireet kittaayi.	You (F) are serious, not a liar / liar.	سِدكٍيتُوے, هَرايرإيت / قْوِسِرێت كِتّايے.
Sidkiibu, haraayr'iib kiiki.	He is serious, not a liar / liar.	سِدكٍيبُ, هَرايرإيب كٍيكے.
Sidkiitu, haraayr'iit kitti.	She is serious, not a liar / liar.	سِدكٍيتُ, هَرايرإيت كِتّے.

'Not to be (Pl)'

Hinin sidkiiba, haraayr'iib kinki.	We are serious, true, we are not liars.	هِنِن سِدكٍيبه, هَرايرإيب كِنكے.
Baraakna sidkiibaana, haraayr'iib kitteena.	You (M Pl) are serious, true, not liars / liars.	بَراكنه سِدكٍيبانه, هَرايرإيب كِتّێنه.
Bataakna sidkiitaana, haraayr'iit kitteena.	You (F Pl) are serious, true, not liars / liars.	بَتاكنه سِدكٍيتانه, هَرايرإيت كِتّێنه.
Baraah sidkiiba, haraayr'iib kiikeen.	They (M) are serious, true, not liars / liars.	بَراه سِدكٍيبه, هَرايرإيب كٍيكێن.
Bataah sidkiita, haraayr'iit kiikeen.	They (F) are serious, true, not liars / liars.	بَتاه سِدكٍيته, هَرايرإيت كٍيكێن.

'Not to be (M)'

Baruuk hargwaawa?	Are you (M) hungry?	بَرٌوك هَرقْواوه?
Ani hargwaab kaaki.	I (M) am not hungry.	أنے هَرقْواب كاكے.
Baruuk gabaawa?	Are you (M) satisfied, full?	بَرٌوك قَباوه?
Ani gabaab kaaki.	I (M) am not satisfied, full.	أنے قَباب كاكے.
Baruuk naritiiwa?	Are you (M) tired?	بَرٌوك نَرِتٍيوه?
Ani naritiib kaaki.	I (M) am not tired.	أنے نَرِتٍيب كاكے.
Baruuk deeyaraawa?	Are you (M) tired?	بَرٌوك دێيَراوه?
Ani deeyaraab kaaki.	I (M) am not tired.	أنے دێيَراب كاكے.
Baruuk lhaawa?	Are you (M) sick?	بَرٌوك لهاوه?
Ani lhaab kaaki.	I am not sick.	أنے لهاب كاكے.

'Not to be (F)'

Batuuk hargwiitiituwi?	Are you (F) hungry?	بَتٌوك هَرقْوٍيتٍيتُوے?
Ani hargwiitiit kaaki.	I (F) am not hungry.	أنے هَرقْوٍيتٍيت كاكے.
Batuuk gabaatuwi?	Are you (F) satisfied, full?	بَتٌوك قَباتُوے?
Ani gabaatu.	I (F) am satisfied, full.	أنے قَباتُ.
Batuuk naritiituwi?	Are you (F) tired?	بَتٌوك نَرِتٍيتُوے?
Ani naritiit kaaki.	I (F) am not tired.	أنے نَرِتٍيت كاكے.
Batuuk deeyaraatuwi?	Are you (F) tired?	بَتٌوك دێيَراتُوے?
Ani deeyaraat kaaki.	I (F) am not tired [22].	أنے دێيَرات كاكے.
Batuuk lhaatuwi?	Are you (F) sick?	بَتٌوك لهاتُوے?
Ani lhaat kaaki.	I (F) am not sick.	أنے لهات كاكے.

Negation in Verbal Predicates

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The object suffixes in negative paradigms are somewhat complicated - except for the third person 'it, him', where they are Zero - as in the following examples.

Negation with Object Suffixes 1

Aaw kanaab kiiki?	Who has not known (it, him)?	آو كَناب كٍيكے?

Ani kanaab / kanaat kaaki.	I (M) / I (F) haven't known (it, him).	أنے كَناب / كَنات كاكے.
Baruuk kanaab kittaa.	You (M) haven't known (it, him).	بَرٌوك كَناب كِتّا.
Batuuk kanaat kittaayi.	You (F) haven't known (it, him).	بَتٌوك كَنات كِتّايے.
Baruuh kanaab kiiki.	He hasn't known (it, him).	بَرٌوه كَناب كٍيكے.
Batuuh kanaat kitti.	She hasn't known (it, him).	بَتٌوه كَنات كِتّے.
Hinin kanaab kinki.	We (M) haven't known (it, him).	هِنِن كَناب كِنكے.
Baraakna kanaab / bataakna kanaat kitteena.	You (M Pl) / (F Pl) haven't known (it, him).	بَراكنه كَناب / كَنات كِتّێنه.
Baraah kanaab / baraah kanaat kiikeen.	They (M) / (F) haven't known (it, him).	بَراه كَناب / كَنات كٍيكێن.

Negation with Object Suffixes 2

Baruuk tikteenaheeb?	Do you (M) know me?	بَرٌوك تِكتێنَهێب?
Awooh, akteenhook.	Yes, I know you.	أوۆه, أ كتێنهۆك.
Batuuk tikteeniheeb?	Do you (F) know me?	بَتٌوك تِكتێنِهێب?
Awooh, akteenhook / Laa laa, kaakanhook.	Yes, I know you (M) / No, I don't know you (M).	أوۆه, أ كتێنهۆك / لا لا, كاكَنهۆك.
Baraakna tikteennahoon?	Do you (M Pl) know us?	بَراكنه تِكتێنَّهۆن?
Awooh, nikteenhookna.	Yes, we know you.	أوۆه, نِكتێنهۆكنه.
Bataakna tikteennahoon?	Do you (F Pl) know us?	بَتاكنه تِكتێنَّهۆن?
Awooh, nikteenhookna / Laa laa, kinkanhookna.	Yes, we know you (Pl) / No, we don't know you (Pl).	أوۆه, نِكتێنهۆكنه / لا لا, كِنكَنهۆكنه.

Negation with Object Suffixes 3

<404>

Object suffixes of negative verbs - especially their variations with (Sg) and (Pl) subjects - deserve special attention. A full paradigm is given of the various combinations.

Rhaayook kaaki.	I (M) did not see, haven't seen you.	رهايۆك كاكے.
(Barooh) rhaab kaaki.	I (M) did not see (him).	(بَرۆه) رهاب كاكے.
Rhaayookna kaaki.	I (M) did not see you (Pl).	رهايۆكنه كاكے.
Rhaayhoona kaaki.	I (M) did not see them.	رهايهۆنه كاكے.
Rhaatook kaaki.	I (F) did not see you.	رهاتۆك كاكے.
(Barooh) rhaat kaaki.	I (F) did not see (him).	(بَرۆه) رهات كاكے.
Rhaatookna kaaki.	I (F) did not see you (Pl).	رهاتۆكنه كاكے.
Rhaatehoona kaaki.	I (F) did not see them.	رهاتهۆنه كاكے.

Negation with Object Suffixes 4

Rhaayu kittaa.	You (M) did not see me.	رهايُ كِتّا.
Rhaayoon kittaa.	You (M) did not see us.	رهايۆن كِتّا.
(Bareeh) rhaab kittaa.	You (M) did not see them.	(بَرێه) رهاب كِتّا.
Rhaatu kittaayi.	You (F) did not see me.	رهاتُ كِتّايے.
Rhaatoon kittaayi.	You (F) did not see us.	رهاتۆن كِتّايے.
Rhaatehoona kittaayi.	You (F) did not see them.	رهاتهۆنه كِتّايے.
(Barooh) rhaab kiiki.	He did not see (him).	(بَرۆه) رهاب كٍيكے.
(Barooh) rhaat kitti.	She did not see (him).	(بَرۆه) رهات كِتّے.

Negation with Object Suffixes 5

Rhaayook kaaki.	I (M) have not seen you (M).	رهايۆك كاكے.
Rhaatook kaaki.	I (F) have not seen you (M).	رهاتۆك كاكے.
Rhaayeek kinki.	We have not seen you (M).	رهايێك كِنكے.
Maasiwaayook kaaki.	I (M) haven't heard you (M).	ماسِوايۆك كاكے.
Maasiwaatook kaaki.	I (F) have not heard you (M).	ماسِواتۆك كاكے.
Maasiwaayeek kinki.	We have not heard you (M).	ماسِوايێك كِنكے.

Rhaayookna kaaki.	I (M) haven't seen you (Pl).	رهايۆكنه كاكے.
Rhaatookna kaaki.	I (F) have not seen you (Pl).	رهاتۆكنه كاكے.
Rhaayeekna kinki.	We have not seen you (Pl).	رهايێكنه كِنكے.
Maasiwaayookna kaaki.	I (M) haven't heard you (Pl).	ماسِوايۆكنه كاكے.
Maasiwaatookna kaaki.	I (F) have not heard you (Pl).	ماسِواتۆكنه كاكے.
Maasiwaayeekna kinki.	We have not heard you (Pl).	ماسِوايێكنه كِنكے.

Negation with Object Suffixes 6

Rhaayeek kinki.	We have not seen you.	رهايێك كِنكے.
Rhaayeekna kinki.	We have not seen you (Pl).	رهايێكنه كِنكے.
Rhaayhina kinki.	We have not seen them.	رهايهِنه كِنكے.
Rhaayi kitteena.	You (M Pl) have not seen me.	رهايے كِتّێنه.
Rhaayeen kitteena.	You (M Pl) have not seen us.	رهايێن كِتّێنه.
Rhaayhina kitteena.	You (M Pl) have not seen them.	رهايهِنه كِتّێنه.
Rhaati kitteena.	You (F Pl) have not seen me.	رهاتے كِتّێنه.
Rhaateen kitteena.	You (F Pl) have not seen us.	رهاتێن كِتّێنه.
Rhaatehina kitteena.	You (F Pl) have not seen them.	رهاتهِنه كِتّێنه.
Rhaab kiikeen.	They (M) have not seen (him).	رهاب كٍيكێن.
Rhaat kiikeen.	They (F) have not seen (him).	رهات كٍيكێن.

Negation with Object Suffixes 7

W'ayook hiyaheeb!	Give (M) me your hand!	وُأَيۆك هِيَهێب!

Hiyaab / hiyaayu kittaa.	You (M) did not give / give me.	هِياب / هِيايُ كِتّا.
Hiyaat / hiyaatu kittaayi.	You (F) did not give / give me.	هِيات / هِياتُ كِتّايے.
Hiyaab kiiki.	He did not give.	هِياب كٍيكے.
Hiyaat kitti.	She did not give.	هِيات كِتّے.
Hiyaab kinki.	We (M) did not give.	هِياب كِنكے.
Hiyaat kinki.	We (F) did not give.	هِيات كِنكے.
Hiyaab kitteena.	You (M Pl) did not give.	هِياب كِتّێنه.
Hiyaat kitteena.	You (F Pl) did not give.	هِيات كِتّێنه.
Hiyaab kiikeen.	They (M) did not give.	هِياب كٍيكێن.
Hiyaat kiikeen.	They (F) did not give.	هِيات كٍيكێن.

Full Paradigm: Negation with Object Suffixes

<405>

The object pronouns of negative verbs deserve careful attention, especially the (Sg) / (Pl) forms of the object suffixes.

'Give to me'

Aneeb hiyaayu kittaa.	You (M) didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِيايُ كِتّا.
Aneeb hiyaatu kittaayi.	You (F) didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِياتُ كِتّايے.
Aneeb hiyaayu kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِيايُ كٍيكے.
Aneeb hiyaatu kitti.	She didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِياتُ كِتّے.
Aneeb hiyaayi kitteena.	You (M Pl) didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِيايے كِتّێنه.
Aneeb hiyaati kitteena.	You (F Pl) didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِياتے كِتّێنه.
Aneeb hiyaayi kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِيايے كٍيكێن.
Aneeb hiyaati kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) me.	أنێب هِياتے كٍيكێن.

'Give to you (M)'

Barook hiyaayook kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك هِيايۆك كاكے.
Barook hiyaayook kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك هِيايۆك كٍيكے.
Barook hiyaatook kitti.	She didn't give (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك هِياتۆك كِتّے.
Barook hiyaayeek kinki.	We didn't give (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك هِيايێك كِنكے.
Barook hiyaayeek kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك هِيايێك كٍيكێن.
Barook hiyaateek kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) you (M).	بَرۆك هِياتێك كٍيكێن.

'Give to you (F)'

Batook hiyaayook kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك هِيايۆك كاكے.
Batook hiyaayook kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك هِيايۆك كٍيكے.
Batook hiyaatook kitti.	She didn't give (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك هِياتۆك كِتّے.
Batook hiyaayeek kinki.	We didn't give (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك هِيايێك كِنكے.
Batook hiyaayeek kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك هِيايێك كٍيكێن.
Batook hiyaateek kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) you (F).	بَتۆك هِياتێك كٍيكێن.

'Give to him'

Barooh hiyaab kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِياب كاكے.
Barooh hiyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِياب كِتّا.
Barooh hiyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِيات كِتّايے.
Barooh hiyaab kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِياب كٍيكے.
Barooh hiyaat kitti.	She didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِيات كِتّے.
Barooh hiyaab kinki.	We didn't give (it to) (him).	بَرۆه هِياب كِنكے.
Barooh hiyaab kitteena.	You (M Pl) didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِياب كِتّێنه.
Barooh hiyaat kitteena.	You (F Pl) didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِيات كِتّێنه.
Barooh hiyaab kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِياب كٍيكێن.
Barooh hiyaat kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) him.	بَرۆه هِيات كٍيكێن.

'Give to her'

Batooh hiyaab kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِياب كاكے.
Batooh hiyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِياب كِتّا.
Batooh hiyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِيات كِتّايے.
Batooh hiyaab kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِياب كٍيكے.
Batooh hiyaat kitti.	She didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِيات كِتّے.
Batooh hiyaab kinki.	We didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِياب كِنكے.
Batooh hiyaab kitteena.	You (M Pl) didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِياب كِتّێنه.
Batooh hiyaat kitteena.	You (F Pl) didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِيات كِتّێنه.
Batooh hiyaab kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِياب كٍيكێن.
Batooh hiyaat kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) her.	بَتۆه هِيات كٍيكێن.

'Give to us'

Hinin hiyaayoon kittaa.	You (M) didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِيايۆن كِتّا.
Hinin hiyaatoon kittaayi.	You (F) didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِياتۆن كِتّايے.
Hinin hiyaayoon kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِيايۆن كٍيكے.
Hinin hiyaatoon kitti.	She didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِياتۆن كِتّے.
Hinin hiyaayeen kitteena.	You (M Pl) didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِيايێن كِتّێنه.
Hinin hiyaateen kitteena.	You (F Pl) didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِياتێن كِتّێنه.
Hinin hiyaayeen kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِيايێن كٍيكێن.
Hinin hiyaateen kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) us.	هِنِن هِياتێن كٍيكێن.

'Give to you (M Pl)'

Bareekna hiyaayookna kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه هِيايۆكنه كاكے.
Bareekna hiyaayookna kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه هِيايۆكنه كٍيكے.
Bareekna hiyaatookna kitti.	She didn't give (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه هِياتۆكنه كِتّے.
Bareekna hiyaayeekna kinki.	We didn't give (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه هِيايێكنه كِنكے.
Bareekna hiyaayeekna kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) you (M Pl).	بَرێكنه هِيايێكنه كٍيكێن.
Bareekna hiyaateekna kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَرێكنه هِياتێكنه كٍيكێن.

'Give to you (F Pl)'

Bateekna hiyaayookna kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه هِيايۆكنه كاكے.
Bateekna hiyaayookna kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه هِيايۆكنه كٍيكے.
Bateekna hiyaatookna kitti.	She didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه هِياتۆكنه كِتّے.
Bateekna hiyaayeekna kinki.	We didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه هِيايێكنه كِنكے.
Bateekna hiyaayeekna kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه هِيايێكنه كٍيكێن.
Bateekna hiyaateekna kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) you (F Pl).	بَتێكنه هِياتێكنه كٍيكێن.

'Give to them (M)'

Bareeh hiyaab kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِياب كاكے.
Bareeh hiyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِياب كِتّا.
Bareeh hiyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِيات كِتّايے.
Bareeh hiyaab kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِياب كٍيكے.
Bareeh hiyaat kitti.	She didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِيات كِتّے.
Bareeh hiyaab kinki.	We didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِياب كِنكے.
Bareeh hiyaab kitteena.	You (M Pl) didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِياب كِتّێنه.
Bareeh hiyaat kitteena.	You (F Pl) didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِيات كِتّێنه.
Bareeh hiyaab kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِياب كٍيكێن.
Bareeh hiyaat kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) them (M).	بَرێه هِيات كٍيكێن.

'Give to them (F)'

Bateeh hiyaab kaaki.	I didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِياب كاكے.
Bateeh hiyaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِياب كِتّا.
Bateeh hiyaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِيات كِتّايے.
Bateeh hiyaab kiiki.	He didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِياب كٍيكے.
Bateeh hiyaat kitti.	She didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِيات كِتّے.
Bateeh hiyaab kinki.	We didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِياب كِنكے.
Bateeh hiyaab kitteena.	You (M Pl) didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِياب كِتّێنه.
Bateeh hiyaat kitteena.	You (F Pl) didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِيات كِتّێنه.
Bateeh hiyaab kiikeen.	They (M) didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِياب كٍيكێن.
Bateeh hiyaat kiikeen.	They (F) didn't give (it to) them (F).	بَتێه هِيات كٍيكێن.

Negation with Auxiliary Verbs

<406>

Auxiliary verbs like naw-, rib-, gwooy- 'fail, refuse, miss' are used to express negation.

Dilbat kareetaa?	Don't you want to buy (trade-to don't-like)?	دِلبَت كَرێتا?
Y'adil igwooy.	He failed to reconcile (reconciled failed).	يِأَدِل إقْوۆي
Ahariw anaw.	I missed, failed to find (I wanted failed).	أهَرِو أنَو.
Siniyaayu kiiki.	He doesn't wait for me.	سِنِيايُ كٍيكے.
Siniyaayi kiikeen.	They don't wait for me.	سِنِيايے كٍيكێن.
Siniitu irib.	He didn't wait for me.	سِنٍيتُ إرِب.
Rhat arib.	I didn't see (see-to I refused).	رهَت أرِب
Oosdik usootiyu irib.	He refused to tell the truth (the informing-me).	ۆسدِك أُسۆتِيُ إرِب.
Oosdik umiyaaw irib.	He refused to give, giving the truth.	ۆسدِك أُمِياو إرِب.
Oosdik umiyaay irib.	He refused to take, taking the truth.	ۆسدِك أُمِياي إرِب.

Conversation 16 'At School' (Examples of Negation)

<407>

S: students, T: teacher

#1
S: Usheekay, tuhissa na naatu?	usheek-ay tu-hissa na naat-u
S: Oosheek, what is the lesson?	Oosheek-Vocat ArtSgF-calculation thing thing-IdSg13F
#2
S: Ani kaakan, laakiin hissaab hiisani.	ani kaa-kan laakiin hissaab hiis-ani
S: I don't know, but I think it is maths.	Sg1 NegImpfSg1Pf-know but calculation think-ImpfSg1
#3
S: Aflaa, ukwooja haaloohu, aakharamiyaneek?	aflaa u-kwooja haal-ooh-u aakharam-iya-neek
S: So then, what happened to the teacher, that (Lit if, since) he is late?	so.then ArtSgM-teacher condition-PossSg3-IdSg13M be.late-PerfSg3M-Adv+if
#4
S: Hooss akeena! Ukwoojaayuun eeya / eeyiya.	hooss akee-na u-kwoojaa-yuun ee-ya
S: Be quiet! Our teacher has come.	voice be-ImpvPl ArtSgM-teacher-PossPl1 come-PerfSg3M
#5
T: Asna gadna!	as-na gad-na
T: Stand (Pl) up.	go.up-ImpvPl stand-ImpvPl
#6
Kak mhataana?	kak mha-taana
How did you spend the morning?	how spend.morning-PerfPl2
#7
S: Kwatiib mhana. Baruuk kak mhataa?	kwatiib mha-na baruuk kak mha-taa
S: We spent the morning well. How did you spend the morning?	fine spend.morning-PerfPl1 Sg2M how spend.morning-PerfSg2M
#8
T: Ani daayiib mhan. S'ana!	ani daayiib mh-an s'a-na
T: I spent the morning well. Sit (Pl) down!	I good spend.morning-PerfSg1 sit-ImpvPl
#9
Iru naan agriina?	iru naan agrii-na
What did we learn (Lit read) yesterday?	yesterday what read-PerfPl1
#10
Sh'ateena?	sh'a-teena
Do you (Pl) remember?	remember-ImpfPl2
#11
Aaw sh'iini?	aaw sh'-iini
Who remembers?	who remember-ImpfSg3M
#12
S: Ani sh'ani.	ani sh'-ani
S: I remember.	Sg1 remember-ImpfSg1
#13
T: Ali, asa gada!	ali as-a gad-a
T: Ali, stand (M) up!	Ali go.up-ImpvM stand-ImpvM
#14
Hindeeh agriiyaan!	hindeeh agrii-yaa-n
Please read-please.	please read-ImpvM-Con+please
#15
S: "Kaam, meek, oor."	kaam meek oor
S: "Camel, donkey, boy"	camel donkey boy
#16
T: Araway! Ali daayiib eefee?	araw-ay ali daayiib Zero-eefee
T: Hey friends! Is Ali correct?	friendPl-Vocat Ali good ImpfSg3-be
#17
S: Wooh [23] ukwoojaayi, wooh ukwoojaayi!	wooh u-kwoojaa-yi wooh u-kwoojaa-yi
S: You, teacher, you teacher!	hey ArtSgM-teacher-Vocat hey ArtSgM-teacher-Vocat
#18
Ali daayiib kihay.	ali daayiib ki-hay
Ali was not right.	Ali good NegImpfSg3MPf-be
#19
T: Daayiitu, hindeeh baruuk agriiyaan!	daayiit-u hindeeh baruuk agrii-yaa-n
T: Good, please you (M) read-please!	good-IdSg13F please Sg2M read-ImpvM-Con+please
#20
S: "Kam, mak, ar."	kam mak ar
S: "Camels, donkeys, children (M)	camelPl donkeyPl childrenM
#21
T: Aha! Oond'aab, kak iha?	ah-a oond'aab kak i-ha
T: Aha! Now, how was it?	take-ImpvM this.time how PerfSg13Pf-be
#22
S: Daayiib iha.	daayiib i-ha
S: It was good.	good PerfSg13Pf-be
#23
T: Kassaakna afhamtaana? Laakiin Ali ibaadhin.	kass-aakna afham-taana laakiin ali i-baadhin
T: You (Pl) all have understood? But Ali forgot.	all-PossPl2 understand-PerfPl2 but Ali PerfSg3MPf-forget
#24
S: Awooh, daayiib afhamna.	awooh daayiib afham-na
S: Yes, we understood well (good).	yes good understand-PerfPl1
#25
T: Aflaa, baabaadhiinna!	aflaa baa-baadhiin-na
T: Then don't (Pl) forget!	so.then NegImpvPlPf-forget-NegImpvPl
#26
Aaw tusabuura isnhis?	aaw tu-sabuura isnhis
Who cleans the blackboard(s)?	who ArtSgF-blackboard make.clean-FutSg
#27
S: Wooh kwooja! Ani isnhis andi.	wooh kwooja ani isnhis a-ndi
S: You, teacher! I will clean it.	hey teacher Sg1 make.clean.FutSg ImpfSg1Pf-say
#28
T: Ahammiidehook.	a-hammiid-ehook
T: Thank you.	ImpfSg1Pf-praise-ObjSg2
#29
S: Hamuud baanaawa!	hamuud baa-naaw-a
S: Welcome (May thanks not lack)!	praise NegImpvMPf-lack-NegImpvM
#30
T: Amsi shalik na niyaay neeyad.	amsi shalik na ni-yaay n-eeyad
T: Today we will take something small (Lit a little thing).	today little thing take-FutPl ImpfPl1Pf-say
#31
Hummaday, hindeeh agriiyaan!	hummad-ay hindeeh agrii-yaa-n
Hummad, please read!	Hummad-Vocat please read-ImpvM-Con+please
#32
S: "Arit, kamit, yast."	arit kamit yast
S: "Girls, she-camels, bitches."	girlPl camelPlF dogPlF
#33
T: Daayiib sakta! Fagar oorwa!	daayiib sak-ta fagar oor-wa
T: You (M) did well, you are a good boy.	good do-PerfSg3F brave boy-IdSg2M
#34
Ugin'u tikteena?	u-gin'-u ti-kteen-a
You (M) know (sth.) by heart?	ArtSgM-heart-IdSg13M ImpfSg2MPf-know-ImpfSg2M
#35
Kitibna!	kitib-na
Write (Pl)!	write-ImpvPl
#36
S: A b c.	a b c
S: A b c.	a b c
#37
T: Baruuk, asa gada! Fir'a!	baruuk as-a gad-a fir'-a
T: You, stand (M) up! get out!	Sg2M go.up-ImpvM stand-ImpvM exit-ImpvM
#38
Naanhooy kitkitiba?	naanhooy kit-kitib-a
Why don't you (M) write?	why NegImpfSg2MPf-write-NegImpfSg2M
#39
S: Ukarraasu abaadhin.	u-karraas-u a-baadhin
S: I forgot my exercise book.	ArtSgM-exercise.book-PossSg1 PerfSg1Pf-forget
#40
T: Naanhooy ukarraasook tibaadhina?	naanhooy u-karraas-ook ti-baadhin-a
T: Why did you (M) forget your exercise book?	why ArtSgM-exercise.book-PossSg2 PerfSg2MPf-forget-PerfSg2M
#41
Amsi afooyihook andi.	amsi afoo-yi-hook a-ndi
Today I will forgive you.	today forgive-Fut-ObjSg2 ImpfSg1Pf-say
#42
Laakiin shaawi (dabaab) baabaadhiina!	laakiin shaawi dabaab baa-baadhiin-a
But don't (M) forget again!	but again additionally NegImpvMPf-forget-NegImpvM
#43
Ibhali teemsiiwa? Timaasiwa?	i-bhali t-eemsiiw-a ti-maasiw-a
Do you (M) hear my words?	ArtPlM-word ImpfSg2MPf-hear-ImpfSg2M PerfSg2MPf-hear-PerfSg2M
#44
S: Eemsiiw.	Zero-eemsiiw
S: I hear (I heard).	ImpfSg1Pf-hear
#45
T: Umhiinook baya!	u-mhiin-ook bay-a
T: Go (M) to your place!	ArtSgM-place-PossSg2 go-ImpvM
#46
Faayamtaana? Afhamtaana?	faayam-taana afham-taana
Have you (Pl) finished? Have you understood?	complete-PerfPl2 understand-PerfPl2
#47
Hindeeh, hiddaab daayiib agriini!	hindeeh hiddaab daayiib agrii-ni
Please, let's read very well together!	please together good read-FutPl
#48
S: A b c.	a b c
S: A b c.	a b c
#49
T: Weena kitihay. Oon'umhiinaan ningadi!	weena kiti-hay oon-'u-mhiinaan ni-ngadi
T: There is nothing else. Let us stop here!	other.thing NegImpfSg3FPf-be NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgM-place ImpfPl1Pf-stand
#50
L'aab aayimna! (L'aab naayaana!)	l'-aab aayim-na l'-aab naa-yaana
Good afternoon! (Good evening!)	be.cool-PtcpPast spend.day-ImpvPl be.cool-PtcpPast pass.night-ImpvPl
#51
S: Asigaab.	asigaab
S: Reply.	peaceful

<408>

١ أُشێكَي, أُهِسّه نه ناتُ? ٢ أَنے كاكَن. لاكٍين هِسّاب هٍيسَنے. ٣ أَفلا, أُ كْوۆجه هالۆهُ, آخَرَمِيَنێك? ٤هۆسّ أكێنه!أُكْوۆجايٌون ێيه. ٥ أَسنه قَدنه! ٦ كَك مهَتانه? ٧كْوَتٍيب مهَنه. بَرٌوك كَك مهَتا? ٨ أَنے دايٍيب مهَن. سأَنه! ٩ إِرُ نان أقرٍينه? ١٠ شأَتێنه? ١١ آو شإينے? ١٢ أنے شأَنے. ١٣ ألِ, أسه قَده! ١٤ هِندێه أقرٍييان! ١٥ ' كام, مێك, ۆر. ' ١٦ أرَوَي!ألے دايٍيب ێفێ? ١٧ وۆه أُكْوۆجايِ, وۆه أُكْوۆجايے! ١٨ ألے دايٍيب كِهَي. ١٩ دايٍيتُ, هِندێه بَرٌوك أقرٍييان! ٢٠ ' كَم, مَك, أر. ' ٢١ أهه!ۆ ندآب كَك إهه? ٢٢ دايٍيب إهه. ٢٣ كَسّاكنه أفهَمتانه? لاكٍين ألے إباڈِن. ٢٤ أوۆه, دايٍيب أفهَمنه. ٢٥ أفلا, باباڈٍينّه! ٢٦ آو تُسَبٌوره إسنهِس? ٢٧ وۆه كْوۆجه!أنے إسنهِس أندے. ٢٨ أهَمٍّيدهۆك. ٢٩ هَمٌود باناوه! ٣٠ أمسے شَلِك نه نِياي نێيَد. ٣١ هُمَّدَي, هِندێه أقرٍييان! ٣٢ ' أرِت, كَمِت, يَست '. ٣٣ دايٍيب سَكته! فَقَر ۆروه! ٣٤ أُقِنءُ تِكتێنه? ٣٥ كِتِبنه! ٣٦ أ ...ب... ٣٧ بَرٌوك, أ سه قَده! فِرأه! ٣٨ نانهۆي كِتكِتِبه? ٣٩ أُكَرّاسُ أباڈِن. ٤٠ نانهۆي أُكَرّاسۆك تِباڈِنه? ٤١ أمسے أفۆيِهۆك أندے. ٤٢ لاكٍين شاوے باباڈٍينه! ٤٣ إبهَلے تێمسٍيوه? تِماسِوه? ٤٤ ێمسٍيو. ٤٥ أُمهٍينۆك بَيه! ٤٦ فايَمتانه?أ فهَمتانه? ٤٧ هِندێه, هِدّاب دايٍيب أقرٍينے! ٤٨ أ ...ب... ٤٩ وێنه كِتِهَي.ۆ نءُمهٍينان نِنقَدے! ٥٠ لآب آيِمنه! لآب نايانه! ٥١ أسِقاب.

Tense and Aspect

Overview of Tenses and Aspects

<409>

Beja verbs use the Perfect Aspect if at the particular time, the event is over, and Imperfect if it is still going on. But the two aspects are not entirely neutral as far as tenses like Past / Present are concerned:

The Present Tense is usually expressed by the imperfect aspect.
The Past Tense is usually expressed by the perfect aspect.

<410>

The Future Tense employs the special Future stem of the verb, which must be followed by the present tense of the verb diy- 'to say/mean'. So 'I will go' translates as 'I mean to go-Fut'. The future stem typically has a suffix -i (in weak verbs) or prefix i- (in strong verbs). This is used for all persons except 'we', where -n/n- must be added.

Table 32: The Main Tenses, Aspects

Weak Verbs:
Past:
Yakan / yakna.	I started / we started.	يَكَن / يَكنه.
Pres:
Yakani / yaknay.	I start / we start.	يَكَنے / يَكنَي.
Fut:
Yaki andi / yakni neeyad.	I will start / we will start.	يَكے أندے / يَكنے نێيَد.
Strong Verbs:
Past:
Adi / nidi.	I said / we said.	أدے / نِدے.
Pres:
Andi / neeyad.	I say / we say.	أندے / نێيَد.
Fut:
Iyaad andi / niyaad neeyad.	I will say.	إياد أندے / نِياد نێيَد.

Tense Examples: Past, Present, Future

Iru naan daatiya?

Buun iitiikw.

What were you (M) doing yesterday?

I was boiling coffee.

إرُ نان داتِيه ?

بٌون إيتٍيكْو.

Iru naan daata?

Buun atkwi.

What did you (M) do yesterday?

I boiled coffee.

إرُ نان داته ?

بٌون أتكْوے.

Oond'aab naan daatiniya?

Buun atankwi.

What are you (M) doing now?

I am boiling coffee.

ۆندآب نان داتِنِيه ?

بٌون أتَنكْوے.

Lhayt naan daayi tindiya?

Buun itaakw andi.

What will you (M) do tomorrow?

I will boil coffee.

لهَيت نان دايے تِندِيه ?

بٌون إتاكْو أندے.

Iru naan daayi?

Buun iitiikw.

What was he doing yesterday?

He was boiling coffee.

إرُ نان دايے ?

بٌون إيتٍيكْو.

Iru naan daayiya?

Buun itkwi.

What did he do yesterday?

He boiled coffee.

إرُ نان دايِيه ?

بٌون إتكْوے.

Oond'aab naan daayiini?

Buun tankwi.

What does he do now?

He boils coffee.

ۆندآب نان دايٍينے ?

بٌون تَنكْوے.

Lhayt naan daayi indi?

Buun itaakw indi.

What will he do tomorrow?

He will boil coffee.

لهَيت نان دايے إندے ?

بٌون إتاكْو إندے.

Additional Tense / Aspect Forms (Aktionsarten)

<411>

In addition to the two tense / aspects present / imperfect and past / perfect, there are some more specific tense / aspect forms. They are also called Aktionsarten (Kinds of events). One very obvious form to express repeated events is the repetition, especially the repetition of the present participle. The present participle always has the suffix -eeh.

Present Participle

Tameeh tameeh gaban.	Eating, eating I became satisfied (full).	تَمێه تَمێه قَبَن.
Gwa'eeh gwa'eeh l'oob aki.	Drinking, drinking I became satisfied (full).	قْوَئێه قْوَێه لؤۆب أكے.
Diweeh diweeh hawsooyan.	Sleeping, sleeping I dreamt.	دِوێه دِوێه هَوسۆيَن.

Verbs and Auxiliaries

<412>

Auxiliary verbs are used to differentiate various other kinds of events and how they are related to the course of time. The table below lists the most frequent auxiliaries. The English glosses attempt to express the timing of these events.

Table 33: Auxiliary Verbs

diya	to mean to do (Fut), 'say'	دِيه
haya	to do at once, 'take'	هَيه
gada	to be about to do, 'stand'	قَده
siniya	to be doing, 'wait'	سِنِيه
sa'a	to continue to do, 'sit'	سَأه
d'iya	to do completely, 'put'	دإِيه
ba'aa, b'aa	to stop to do, 'lie down'	بَآ, بآ

Auxiliaries

<413>

The course of an action or event, such as 'begin to do, finish doing, go on with', is often clarified by an auxiliary verb. Here are examples.

Udirtiyiida ingad.	He was ready to kill (Lit for-killing he-stood).	أُدِرتِيٍيده إنقَد.
Iid'a andi.	I will do (Lit do-Fut I say).	إيدأه أندے.
Ad'a andi.	I want to do (lit doing I-say).	أدأه أندے.
Bak akaayeeh isni.	Being so he waited, i.e. he kept on waiting (Lit so being he-waited).	بَك أكايێه إسنے.
S'ayaamay is'a.	He still expected it (Lit expecting he-sat).	سأَيامَي إسأه.

Immediate Action: 'to take'

<414>

Immediate Action is expressed by a combination with the verb aha 'to take' and refers to changes which take place immediately, like diwan ayiha 'I slept at once'.

Kwidha aha!	Get lost (M) (at once, strongly)!	كْوِڈه أهه!
Lawa aha!	Get burnt (M) (at once, strongly)! [24]	لَوه أهه!
Gw'an ayiha.	I drank at once.	قْوأَن أيِهه.
Taman ayiha.	I ate at once.	تَمَن أيِهه.
Diwan ayiha.	I slept at once.	دِوَن أيِهه.
Yakiyaay iyihayit.	He started immediately (Lit arose took).	يَكِياي إيِهَيِت
Adlib ayiha.	I bought (Lit traded took).	أدلِب أيِهه

Complete Action: 'to put'

<415>

Complete Action is expressed by a combination with the verb d'iya 'to put' and refers to events which come to an end: Taman ad'i 'I drank completely'.

Taman ad'i.	I ate it completely.	تَمَن أدإِ.
Aaman ad'i.	I ate it (gulped it up) completely.	آمَن أدإِ.
Gw'an ad'i.	I drank completely.	قْوأَن أدإِ.
Faayisan ad'i.	I finished completely.	فايِسَن أدإِ.

Stative

<416>

Stative is expressed by participles and refers to ideas of status, or being, such as 'being born in Egypt' (so the person has the status of being Egyptian).

Stative: 'to be, become'

Ani Handhiwaayiib aki.	I became a Hadendowa.	أنے هَنڈِوايٍيب أكے.
Baruuk Handhiwaayiib tikaya.	You (M) became a Hadendowa.	بَرٌوك هَنڈِوايٍيب تِكَيه.
Batuuk Handhiwaayiit tikayi.	You (F) became a Hadendowa.	بَتٌوك هَنڈِوايٍيت تِكَيے.
Baruuh Handhiwaayiib iki.	He became a Hadendowa.	بَرٌوه هَنڈِوايٍيب إكے.
Batuuh Handhiwaayiit tiki.	She became a Hadendowa.	بَتٌوه هَنڈِوايٍيت تِكے.
Hinin Handhiwaayiib niki.	We (M) became Hadendowa.	هِنِن هَنڈِوايٍيب نِكے.
Baraakna Handhiwaayiib tikeena.	You (M Pl) became Hadendowa.	بَراكنه هَنڈِوايٍيب تِكێنه.
Baraah Handhiwaayiib ikeen.	They (M) became Hadendowa.	بَراه هَنڈِوايٍيب إكێن.

Stative: 'to be there'

Bashal iha.	There are onions.	بَشَل إهه.
Adas iha.	There are lentils.	أدَس إهه.
Tamaatiim iha.	There are tomatoes.	تَماتٍيم إهه.
Bataatis iha.	There are potatoes.	بَتاتِس إهه.
Gar'a iha.	There are pumpkins.	قَرأه إهه.
Batehiiyayt iheen. / Batehiiyaayt tiha.	There are melons / there is a melon.	بَتهٍييَيت إهێن. / بَتهٍييايت تِهه.
Baskaawiit iheen.	There are biscuits.	بَسكاوٍيت إهێن.

Future and Intention

<417>

Some tenses are expressed by the combination of two verbs. Future is expressed by a particular verb form with i- / -i plus 'to say', which is used as an auxiliary. The future tense (characterized by the affix 'i') and the intentional tense, aspect (characterized by the affix 'a') can be compared in the following examples.

Intention:			Future:
Tama andi.	I want to eat.	تَمه أندے.	Tami andi.	I will eat.	تَمے أندے.
D'iya andi.	I want to do it.	دإِيه أندے.	Id'a andi.	I will do it.	إِدأه أندے.
Tama tindiya.	You (M) want to eat.	تَمه تِندِيه.	Tami tindiya.	You (M) will eat.	تَمے تِندِيه.
D'iya (daaya) tindiya.	You (M) want to do it.	دإِيه (دايه) تِندِيه.	Id'a tindiya.	You (M) will do it.	إِدأه تِندِيه.
Tama indi.	He wants to eat.	تَمه إندے.	Tami indi.	He will eat.	تَمے إندے.
D'iya (daaya) indi.	He wants to do it.	دإِيه (دايه) إندے.	Id'a indi.	He will do it.	إِدأه إندے.

Future: 'to mean, to say'

<418>

The Future of strong verbs uses the prefixes ni- or nii- for the first person plural and i- or ii- for the other persons. The choice between the long and short form depends on the verb and the dialect. The form must be looked up in the dictionary.

Future Strong Paradigm: 'to ride'

Kaam iid'am andi.	I will ride a camel.	كام إيدأَم أندے.
Kaam iid'am tindiya.	You (M) will ride a camel.	كام إيدأَم تِندِيه.
Kaam iid'am tindiyi.	You (F) will ride a camel.	كام إيدأَم تِندِيے.
Kaam iid'am indi.	He will ride a camel.	كام إيدأَم إندے.
Kaam iid'am tindi.	She will ride a camel.	كام إيدأَم تِندے.
Kam niid'am neeyad.	We will ride a camel.	كَم نٍيدأَم نێيَد.
Kam iid'am teeyadna.	You (Pl) will ride a camel.	كَم إيدأَم تێيَدنه.
Kam iid'am eeyadna.	They will ride a camel.	كَم إيدأَم ێيَدنه.

Future: 'to become'

Had'aab / had'aat iikta andi.	I (M) / (F) will become an elder, leader.	هَدآب / هَدآت إيكته أندے.
Had'aab iikta tindiya.	You (M) will become an elder, leader.	هَدآب إيكته تِندِيه.
Had'aat iikta tindiyi.	You (F) will become an elder, leader (F).	هَدآت إيكته تِندِيے.
Had'aab iikta indi.	He will become an elder, leader.	هَدآب إيكته إندے.
Had'aat iikta tindi.	She will become an elder, leader (F).	هَدآت إيكته تِندے.
Had'aab niikta neeyad.	We will become elders, leaders.	هَدآب نٍيكته نێيَد.
Had'aab iikta teeyadna.	You (Pl) will become elders, leaders.	هَدآب إيكته تێيَدنه.
Had'aab iikta eeyadna.	They will become elders, leaders.	هَدآب إيكته ێيَدنه.

Future Weak Paradigm: 'to drink'

Aaw gw'i indi?	Who will drink?	آو قْوإِ إندے?

Ani gw'i andi.	I will drink.	أنے قْوإِ أندے.
Baruuk gw'i tindiya.	You (M) will drink.	بَرٌوك قْوإِ تِندِيه.
Batuuk gw'i tindiyi.	You (F) will drink.	بَتٌوك قْوإِ تِندِيے.
Baruuh gw'i indi.	He will drink.	بَرٌوه قْوإِ إندے.
Batuuh gw'i tindi.	She will drink.	بَتٌوه قْوإِ تِندے.
Hinin gw'ani neeyad.	We will drink.	هِنِن قْوأَنے نێيَد.
Baraakna gw'ani teeyadna.	You (M Pl) will drink.	بَراكنه قْوأَنے تێيَدنه.
Bataakna gw'ani teeyadna.	You (F Pl) will drink.	بَتاكنه قْوأَنے تێيَدنه.
Baraah gw'i eeyadna.	They (M) will drink.	بَراه قْوإِ ێيَدنه.
Bataah gw'i eeyadna.	They (F) will drink.	بَتاه قْوإِ ێيَدنه.

Future Negative

Aaw tami kiidi?	Who will not eat?	آو تَمے كٍيدے?

Ani tami kaadi.	I will not eat.	أنے تَمے كادے.
Baruuk tami kiddiya.	You (M) will not eat.	بَرٌوك تَمے كِدِّيه.
Batuuk tami kiddiyi.	You (F) will not eat.	بَتٌوك تَمے كِدِّيے.
Baruuh tami kiidi.	He will not eat.	بَرٌوه تَمے كٍيدے.
Batuuh tami kiddi.	She will not eat.	بَتٌوه تَمے كِدّے.
Hinin tamni kindi.	We will not eat.	هِنِن تَمنے كِندے.
Baraakna tami / tamni kiddiina.	You (M Pl) will not eat.	بَراكنه تَمے / تَمنے كِدٍّينه.
Bataakna tami / tamni kiddiina.	You (F Pl) will not eat.	بَتاكنه تَمے / تَمنے كِدٍّينه.
Baraah tami / tamni kiidiin.	They (M) will not eat.	بَراه تَمے / تَمنے كٍيدٍين.
Bataah tami / tamni kiidiin.	They (F) will not eat.	بَتاه تَمے / تَمنے كٍيدٍين.

Future Strong Verbs: CiCiC (Sg)

Iidbil tindiya? / iidbil andi.	Will you collect it? / I will collect it. [25]	إيدبِل تِندِيه? / إيدبِل أندے.
Iifdig tindiya? / iifdig andi.	Will you (M) untie it, divorce her? / I will untie it, divorce her.	إيفدِق تِندِيه? / إيفدِق أندے.
Iiftir tindiya? / iiftir andi.	Will you (M) eat breakfast? / I will eat breakfast.	إيفتِر تِندِيه? / إيفتِر أندے.
Iiftit tindiya? / iiftit andi.	Will you (M) comb (sth.)? / I will comb (sth.).	إيفتِت تِندِيه? / إيفتِت أندے.
Iiktib tindiya? / iiktib andi.	Will you (M) write (sth.)? / I will write (sth.).	إيكتِب تِندِيه? / إيكتِب أندے.
Iimkir tindiya (immikir tindiya)? / iimkir andi (immikir andi).	Will you (M) advise (sth.)? / I will advise (sth.).	إيمكِر تِندِيه? (إمِّكِر تِندِيه?) / إيمكِر أندے. (إمِّكِر أندے.)
Iishbib tindiya? / iishbib andi.	Will you (M) look (at it)? / I will look (at it).	إيشبِب تِندِيه? / إيشبِب أندے.
Iishgwidh tindiya? / iishgwidh andi.	Will you (M) wash (sth.)? / I will wash (sth.).	إيشقْوِڈ تِندِيه? / إيشقْوِڈ أندے.

Future Strong Verbs: CiC, HaCiC (Sg)

Iidif tindiya? / iidif andi.	Will you (M) go away? / I will go away.	إيدِف تِندِيه? / إيدِف أندے.
Y'ish, y'ush tindiya? / y'ush andi.	Will you (M) give up (Lit leave, let) (sth.)? / I will give up (Lit leave, let) (sth.).	إإِش, يِءُش تِندِيه? / يِءُش أندے.
Y'ibik, tindiya? / y'ibik andi.	Will you (M) seize? / I will seize (sth.).	إإِبِك, يِإِبِك تِندِيه? / يِإِبِك أندے.
Yhigit tindiya? / yhigit andi.	Will you (M) wait? / I will wait.	إهِقِت تِندِيه? / إهِقِت أندے.
Itehisir tindiya? / Itehisir andi.	Will you be sorry? / I will be sorry.	إتهِسِر تِندِيه? / إتهِسِر أندے.

Future Strong Verbs: CiCiy, Ciy etc. (Sg)

Isaan tindiya? / isaan andi.	Will you (M) wait? / I will wait.	إسان تِندِيه? / إسان أندے.
Idhaagw tindiya? / idhaagw andi.	Will you (M) count (sth.)? / I will count (sth.).	إڈاقْو تِندِيه? / إڈاقْو أندے.
Imaar tindiya? / imaar andi.	Will you (M) find (sth.)? / I will find (sth.).	إمار تِندِيه? / إمار أندے.
Iyaad tindiya? / iyaad andi.	Will you (M) say (sth.)? / I will say (sth.).	إياد تِندِيه? / إياد أندے.
Iyaaw tindiya? / iyaaw andi.	Will you (M) give (sth.)? / I will give (sth.).	إياو تِندِيه? / إياو أندے.
Iyaay (ayaay) tindiya? / iyaay andi.	Will you (M) take (sth.)? / I will take (sth.).	إياي (أياي) تِندِيه? / إياي أندے.

Future Strong Verbs: CaaCiC etc. (Sg)

Iifyad tindiya? / iifyad andi.	Will you (M) laugh? / I will laugh.	إيفيَد تِندِيه? / إيفيَد أندے.
Iimsaw tindiya? / iimsaw andi.	Will you (M) hear (sth.)? / I will hear (sth.).	إيمسَو تِندِيه? / إيمسَو أندے.
Iishiwaawa tindiya? / iishiwaawa andi.	Will you (M) gather (sth.)? / I will gather (sth.).	إيشِواوه تِندِيه? / إيشِواوه أندے.
Iid'a tindiya? / Iid'a andi.	Will you (M) do (sth.)? / I will do (sth.).	إيدأه تِندِيه? / إيدأه أندے.
Isnhid tindiya? / isnhid andi.	Will you (M) finish (sth.)? / I will finish (sth.).	إسنهِد تِندِيه? / إسنهِد أندے.
Ingida tindiya? / ingida andi.	Will you (M) stand? / I will stand.	إنقِده تِندِيه? / إنقِده أندے.
Iikana tindiya? / iikana andi.	Will you (M) know (sth.)? / I will know (sth.).	إيكَنه تِندِيه? / إيكَنه أندے.
Iiba tindiya? / iiba andi.	Will you (M) go (somewhere)? / I will go (somewhere) [26].	إيبه تِندِيه? / إيبه أندے.

Future Strong Verbs: CiCiC (Pl)

Iidbil teeyadna? / niidbil neeyad.	Will you (Pl) collect (sth.)? / We will collect (sth.).	إيدبِل تێيَدنه? / نٍيدبِل نێيَد.
Iifdig teeyadna? / niifdig neeyad.	Will you (Pl) untie (sth.)? / We will untie (sth.).	إيفدِق تێيَدنه? / نٍيفدِق نێيَد.
Iiftir teeyadna? / niiftir neeyad.	Will you (Pl) eat breakfast? / We will eat breakfast.	إيفتِر تێيَدنه? / نٍيفتِر نێيَد.
Iiftit teeyadna? / niiftit neeyad.	Will you (Pl) comb (sth.)? / We will comb (sth.).	إيفتِت تێيَدنه? / نٍيفتِت نێيَد.
Iiktib teeyadna? / niiktib neeyad.	Will you (Pl) write (sth.)? / We will write (sth.).	إيكتِب تێيَدنه? / نٍيكتِب نێيَد.
Iimkir (immikir) teeyadna? / niimkir (nimmikir) neeyad.	Will you (Pl) advise (sth.)? / We will advise (sth.).	إيمكِر (إمِّكِر) تێيَدنه? / نٍيمكِر (نِمِّكِر) نێيَد.
Iishbib teeyadna? / niishbib neeyad.	Will you (Pl) look? / We will look.	إيشبِب تێيَدنه? / نٍيشبِب نێيَد.
Iishgwidh teeyadna? / niishgwidh neeyad.	Will you (Pl) wash (sth.)? / We will wash (sth.).	إيشقْوِڈ تێيَدنه? / نٍيشقْوِڈ نێيَد.

Future Strong Verbs: CiC, HaCiC (Pl)

Iidif teeyadna? / niidif neeyad.	Will you (Pl) go away? / We will go away.	إيدِف تێيَدنه? / نٍيدِف نێيَد.
Y'ish, y'ush teeyadna? / ni'ush neeyad.	Will you (Pl) give up (Lit leave, let) (sth.)? / We will give up (Lit leave, let) (sth.).	إإِش, يِءُش تێيَدنه? / نِءُش نێيَد.
Y'bik teeyadna? / ni'ibik neeyad.	Will you (Pl) seize (sth.)? / We will seize (sth.).	إإِبِك, يِإِبِك تێيَدنه? / نِإِبِك نێيَد.
Ihigit teeyadna? / nihigit neeyad.	Will you (Pl) wait? / We will wait.	إهِقِت تێيَدنه? / نِهِقِت نێيَد.
Itehisir teeyadna? / nitehisir neeyad.	Will you (Pl) be sorry? / We will be sorry.	إتهِسِر تێيَدنه? / نِتهِسِر نێيَد.

Future Strong Verbs: CiCiy, Ciy etc. (Pl)

Isaan teeyadna? / nisaan neeyad.	Will you (Pl) wait? / We will wait.	إسان تێيَدنه? / نِسان نێيَد.
Idhaagw teeyadna? / nidhaagw neeyad.	Will you (Pl) count? / We will count.	إڈاقْو تێيَدنه? / نِڈاقْو نێيَد.
Imaar (iimar) teeyadna? / nimaar (niimar) neeyad.	Will you (Pl) find (sth.)? / We will find (sth.).	إمار (إيمَر) تێيَدنه? / نِمار (نٍيمَر) نێيَد.
Iyaad teeyadna? / niyaad neeyad.	Will you (Pl) say (sth.)? / We will say (sth.).	إياد تێيَدنه? / نِياد نێيَد.
Iyaaw teeyadna? / niyaaw neeyad.	Will you (Pl) give (sth.)? / We will give (sth.).	إياو تێيَدنه? / نِياو نێيَد.
Iyaay (ayaay) teeyadna? / niyaay neeyad.	Will you (Pl) take (sth.)? / We will take (sth.).	إياي (أياي) تێيَدنه? / نِياي نێيَد.

Future Strong Verbs: CaaCiC etc. (Pl)

Iifyad teeyadna? / niifyad neeyad.	Will you (Pl) laugh? / We will laugh.	إيفيَد تێيَدنه? / نٍيفيَد نێيَد.
Iimsaw teeyadna? / niimsaw neeyad.	Will you (Pl) hear (sth.)? / We will hear (sth.).	إيمسَو تێيَدنه? / نٍيمسَو نێيَد.
Iishwaawa teeyadna? / niishwaawa neeyad.	Will you (Pl) gather (sth.)? / We will gather (sth.).	إيشواوه تێيَدنه? / نٍيشواوه نێيَد.
Ad'a teeyadna? / niid'a neeyad.	Will you (Pl) do (sth.)? / We will do (sth.).	أدأه تێيَدنه? / نٍيدأه نێيَد.
Isnhad teeyadna? / nisnhid neeyad.	Will you (Pl) finish (sth.)? / We will finish (sth.).	إسنهَد تێيَدنه? / نِسنهِد نێيَد.
Iingida teeyadna? / niingida neeyad.	Will you (Pl) stand? / We will stand.	إينقِده تێيَدنه? / نٍينقِده نێيَد.
Iikan teeyadna? / niikan neeyad.	Will you (Pl) know (sth.)? / We will know (sth.).	إيكَن تێيَدنه? / نٍيكَن نێيَد.
Iiba teeyadna? / niiba neeyad.	Will you (Pl) go? / We will go.	إيبه تێيَدنه? / نٍيبه نێيَد.

Future Strong Verb: 'to know'

Aaw Tubdhaawi iikan indi?	Who will know Beja?	آو تُبڈاوے إيكَن إندے?
Ani Tubdhaawi iikan andi.	I will know Beja.	أنے تُبڈاوے إيكَن أندے.
Baruuk Tubdhaawi iikan tindiya.	You (M) will know Beja.	بَرٌوك تُبڈاوے إيكَن تِندِيه.
Batuuk Tubdhaawi iikan tindiyi.	You (F) will know Beja.	بَتٌوك تُبڈاوے إيكَن تِندِيے.
Baruuh Tubdhaawi iikan indi.	He will know Beja.	بَرٌوه تُبڈاوے إيكَن إندے.
Batuuh Tubdhaawi iikan tindi.	She will know Beja.	بَتٌوه تُبڈاوے إيكَن تِندے.
Hinin Tubdhaawi niikan neeyad.	We will know Beja.	هِنِن تُبڈاوے نٍيكَن نێيَد.
Baraakna Tubdhaawi iikan teeyadna.	You (Pl) will know Beja.	بَراكنه تُبڈاوے إيكَن تێيَدنه.
Baraah Tubdhaawi iikan eeyadna.	They will know Beja.	بَراه تُبڈاوے إيكَن ێيَدنه.

Future Strong Verb: 'to eat'

Ani iiftir andi.	I will have breakfast.	أنے إيفتِر أندے.
Hinin niiftir neeyad.	We will have breakfast.	هِنِن نٍيفتِر نێيَد.
Ani mhasi andi.	I will have lunch.	أنے مهَسے أندے.
Hinin mhasni neeyad.	We will have lunch.	هِنِن مهَسنے نێيَد.
Ani iddirir andi.	I will have supper.	أنے إدِّرِر أندے.
Hinin niddirir neeyad.	We will have supper.	هِنِن نِدِّرِر نێيَد.

Future Strong Verb: 'to give'

Hiyaheeb!	Give (M) it to me!	هِيَهێب!
Iyaawhook andi.	I will give it to you.	إياوهۆك أندے.
Hiyiheeb!	Give (F) it to me!	هِيِهێب!
Iyaaw andi.	I will give it (to him).	إياو أندے.
Hiinaheeb!	Give (Pl) it to me!	هٍينَهێب!
Niyaawhook neeyad.	We will give it to you.	نِياوهۆك نێيَد.
Hiyaheeb!	Give (M) it to me!	هِيَهێب!
Iyaawhook andi.	I will give it to you (M).	إياوهۆك أندے.
Hiyiheeb!	Give (F) it to me!	هِيِهێب!
Iyaawhook andi.	I will give it to you (M).	إياوهۆك أندے.
Hiinahoon!	Give (Pl) it to us!	هٍينَهۆن!
Niyaawhookna neeyad.	We will give it to you (Pl).	نِياوهۆكنه نێيَد.

Future Strong Verb: 'to know'

Gaat masseetiib Tubdhaawi kastooh iikan andi?	Will I know all of Beja in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب تُبڈاوے كَستۆه إيكَن أندے?
Gaat masseetiib iikan tindiya?	Will you (M) know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب إيكَن تِندِيه?
Gaat masseetiib iikan tindiyi?	Will you (F) know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب إيكَن تِندِيے?
Gaat masseetiib iikan indi?	Will he know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب إيكَن إندے?
Gaat masseetiib iikan tindi?	Will she know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب إيكَن تِندے?
Gaat masseetiib niikan neeyad?	Will we know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب نٍيكَن نێيَد?
Gaat masseetiib iikan teeyadna?	Will you (Pl) know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب إيكَن تێيَدنه?
Gaat masseetiib iikan eeyadna?	Will they know it in one year?	قات مَسّێتٍيب إيكَن ێيَدنه?

Future Strong Verb: 'to become'

Ustaaz iikta andi.	I will become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته أندے.
Ustaaz iikta tindiya.	You (M) will become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته تِندِيه.
Ustaaz iikta tindii.	You (F) will become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته تِندِي.
Ustaaz iikta indi.	He will become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته إندے.
Ustaaz iikta tindi.	She will become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته تِندے.
Ustaz niikta neeyad.	We will become, be teachers.	أُستَز نٍيكته نێيَد.
Ustaz iikta teeyadna.	You (Pl) will become, be teachers.	أُستَز إيكته تێيَدنه.
Ustaz iikta eeyadna.	They will become, be teachers.	أُستَز إيكته ێيَدنه.

Future Negative: 'to become'

Ustaaz iikta kaadi.	I won't become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته كادے.
Ustaaz iikta kiddiya.	You (M) won't become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته كِدِّيه.
Ustaaz iikta kiddii.	You (F) won't become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته كِدِّي.
Ustaaz iikta kiidi.	He won't become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته كٍيدے.
Ustaaz iikta kiddi.	She won't become, be a teacher.	أُستاز إيكته كِدّے.
Ustaz niikta kindi.	We won't become, be teachers.	أُستَز نٍيكته كِندے.
Ustaz iikta kiddiina.	You (Pl) won't become, be teachers.	أُستَز إيكته كِدٍّينه.
Ustaz iikta kiidiin.	They won't become, be teachers.	أُستَز إيكته كٍيدٍين.

Intention

<419>

Intention is expressed by a verb suffix -a plus 'to say'. Thus the adequate translation of tama andi would be 'I want to eat', while tami andi expresses the future 'I shall eat'.

Intention: Future Weak Verbs

Naat tama andi.	I want to eat something.	نات تَمه أندے.
Naat gw'a andi.	I want to drink something.	نات قْوأه أندے.
Naat tama neeyad.	We want to eat something.	نات تَمه نێيَد.
Naat gw'a neeyad.	We want to drink something.	نات قْوأه نێيَد.
Naat tami andi.	I will eat something.	نات تَمے أندے.
Naat gw'i andi.	I will drink something.	نات قْوإِ أندے.
Naat tamni neeyad.	We will eat something.	نات تَمنے نێيَد.
Naat gw'ani neeyad.	We will drink something.	نات قْوأَنے نێيَد.

Intention: Future Strong Verb 'to say'

Naat d'iya / daaya andi.	I want to do something.	نات دإِيه / دايه أندے.
Naat diya andi.	I want to say something.	نات دِيه أندے.
Naat d'iya neeyad.	We want to do something.	نات دإِيه نێيَد.
Naat diya neeyad.	We want to say something.	نات دِيه نێيَد.
Naat iid'a andi.	I will do something.	نات إيدأه أندے.
Naat iyaad andi.	I will say something.	نات إياد أندے.
Naat niid'a neeyad.	We will do something.	نات نٍيدأه نێيَد.
Naat niyaad neeyad.	We will say something.	نات نِياد نێيَد.

Future Strong Verbs with Object

Naan iyaad tindiya?	What will you (M) say?	نان إياد تِندِيه?
Bataatis (dilbi) ayaay tindiya?	Will you (M) (buy and) take potatoes?	بَتاتِس (دِلبے) أياي تِندِيه?
Wharru iidbil tindiya?	Will you (M) collect the millet?	وُهَرُّ إيدبِل تِندِيه?
Imhallagaayeek idhaagw tindiya?	Will you (M) count your money?	إمهَلَّقايێك إڈاقْو تِندِيه?
Uwaragoon imar tindiya?	Will you (M) find our paper?	أُوَرَقۆن إمَر تِندِيه?
Tukwooba isnhis tindiya?	Will you (M) clean the pot?	تُكْوۆبه إسنهِس تِندِيه?
Kasseeh eenda iishwiwa tindiya?	Will you (M) gather all the men?	كَسّێه ێنده إيشوِوه تِندِيه?
Baliin eektab iyaawheeb tindiya?	Will you (M) give me those books?	بَلٍين ێكتَب إياوهێب تِندِيه?
Uktaabook iyaawheeb tindiya?	Will you (M) give me your book?	أُكتابۆك إياوهێب تِندِيه?
Umaktabook iiba tindiya?	Will you (M) go to your (M) office?	أُمَكتَبۆك إيبه تِندِيه?
Umsajal / ushariit iimsaw tindiya?	Will you (M) hear the recorder / the cassettes?	أُمسَجَل / أُشَرٍيت إيمسَو تِندِيه?
Baliin eenda iishbib tindiya?	Will you (M) look at those people?	بَلٍين ێنده إيشبِب تِندِيه?
Oobaab iifdig tindiya?	Will you (M) open the door?	ۆباب إيفدِق تِندِيه?
Tikwuura y'ibik tindiya?	Will you (M) take the balls?	تِكْوٌوره يِإِبِك تِندِيه?
Isaanhoon tindiya?	Will you (M) wait for us?	إسانهۆن تِندِيه?
Yhalakaayeek iishgwidh tindiya?	Will you (M) wash your clothes?	يِهَلَكايێك إيشقْوِڈ تِندِيه?

Past Continuous (Pluperfect)

<420>

Continuous Past is expressed by verbs with 'ii-' and refers to habitual, repeated actions of the (more distant) past, like iiyid 'he was saying, he used to say'.

Past Continuous: Strong Verb

Iishbib.	I was looking, I used to look.	إيشبِب.
Tiishbiba.	You (M) were looking.	تٍيشبِبه.
Tiishbibi.	You (F) were looking.	تٍيشبِبے.
Iishbib.	He was looking.	إيشبِب.
Tiishbib.	She was looking.	تٍيشبِب.
Niishbib.	We were looking.	نٍيشبِب.
Tiishbibna.	You (Pl) were looking.	تٍيشبِبنه.
Iishbibna.	They were looking.	إيشبِبنه.

Past Continuous: Weak Verb

Naan gw'i?	What was I drinking?	نان قْوإِ?
Naan gw'atiya?	What were you (M) drinking?	نان قْوأَتِيه?
Naan gw'atiyi / gw'atii?	What were you (F) drinking?	نان قْوأَتِيے / قْوأَتِي?
Naan gw'i?	What was he drinking?	نان قْوإِ?
Naan gw'ani?	What were we drinking?	نان قْوأَنے?
Naan gw'atiina?	What were you (Pl) drinking?	نان قْوأَتٍينه?
Naan gw'iin?	What were they drinking?	نان قْوإين?

Naan daayi?	What was I doing?	نان دايے?
Naan daatiya?	What were you (M) doing?	نان داتِيه?
Naan daatiyi?	What were you (F) doing?	نان داتِيے?
Naan daayi?	What was he doing?	نان دايے?

Conversation 17 'A Visitor' (Examples of the Past Continuous)

<421>

A: host, B: visitor

#1
(Gaal door, tak araawiiyooh halaagaayt iibiri.)	gaal door tak araaw-ii-yooh halaagaayt Zero-iibiri
(Some time, a man needed to meet his friend.)	one time man friend-CasGen-PossSg3 business PastSg1Pf-have
#2
(W'araawiiyooh gawiida eeya. Oobaab ith'a.).	w-'araaw-ii-yooh gaw-ii-da eey-a oob-aab i-th'a
(He came to his friend's house. He knocks at the door.)	ArtSgM-friend-CasGen-PossSg3 house-CasGen-AdvGen+for come-PerfSg3M track-PtcpPast PerfSg3MPf-knock
#3
A: Aabwa, oobaab inth'i?	aab-wa oob-aab i-nth'i
A: Who are you (M), knocking at the door?	whoObjM-IdSg2M track-PtcpPast ImpfSg3MPf-knock
#4
B: Ani, Aliibu.	ani aliib-u
B: I, I am Ali.	Sg1 Ali-IdSg13M
#5
A: Yaa marhaba, yaa marhaba.	yaa marhaba yaa marhaba
A: Hello, hello.	helloSg2M hello helloSg2M hello
#6
Eetaaneena!	ee-taan-ee-na
Welcome (Lit you coming)!	come-PerfPl2-Wh-Thing
#7
B: Tisniyeena!	ti-sni-yee-na
B: Good to await me (Lit you sitting).	PerfSg2MPf-stay-Wh-thing
#8
A: Suur baya!	suur bay-a
A: Go (ahead)!	before go-ImpvM
#9
Shuumaa!	shuum-aa
Come in!	enter-ImpvM
#10
B: Daayiitu.	daayiit-u
B: Good.	good-IdSg13F
#11
A: Oon'oomhiin s'a!	oon-'oo-mhiin s'-a
A: Sit down here!	NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgMObj-place sit-ImpvM
#12
B: Daayiitu.	daayiit-u
B: Good.	good-IdSg13F
#13
A: Dabaaywa?	dabaay-wa
A: Are you well	well-IdSg2M
#14
B: Dabaayu.	dabaay-u
B: I am well.	well-IdSg13M
#15
Batuuk kak tihayi?	batuuk kak ti-hay-i
How are you (F)?	Sg2F how PerfSg2FPf-be-PerfSg2F
#16
A: Ani daayiitu. Libaabiiwa?	ani daayiit-u libaabii-wa
A: I am good (well). Are you (M) happy?	Sg1 good-IdSg13F happy-IdSg2M
#17
B: Gwirhaab kaabaru.	gwirhaab kaa-baru
B: I don't have any trouble.	problem NegImpfSg1Pf-have
#18
Batuuk kak tihayi?	batuuk kak ti-hay-i
How are you (F)?	Sg2F how PerfSg2FPf-be-PerfSg2F
#19
A: Ani daayiit iha.	ani daayiit i-ha
A: I am good (fine).	Sg1 good PerfSg13Pf-be
#20
Naan gw'ata?	naan gw'-ata
What would you (M) like to drink?	what drink-SubM
#21
Shaahiib gw'atahan, hana jabanaat?	shaahiib gw'-ata-han hana jabanaat
Do you want to drink some tea, or coffee?	tea drink-SubM-also or coffee.pot
#22
B: Naat gw'i kaadi.	naat gw'-i kaa-di
B: I won't drink anything.	thing drink-FutSg NegImpfSg1Pf-say
#23
Dawil door buun gw'aabu.	dawil door buun gw'-aab-u
I just drank coffee.	closeness time coffee drink-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#24
Uusheek keeya?	uusheek kee-ya
Where is Oosheek?	Oosheek be.where-PerfSg3M
#25
A: Ushanhooh abaayu.	u-shanh-ooh abaay-u
A: He has gone (went) to his work.	ArtSgM-work-PossSg3 go-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#26
B: Naadoor eeyiini?	naadoor ee-yiini
B: When does he (usually) come?	when come-ImpfSg3M
#27
A: Nabhoob eeyiini.	nabhoob ee-yiini
A: He comes (in) the afternoon.	afternoon come-ImpfSg3M
#28
Haalooku?	haal-ook-u
How are you (Lit what is your condition)?	condition-PossSg2-IdSg13M
#29
B: Dibiloot halaagaay hooy abari.	dibiloot halaagaay hooy a-bari
B: I have a little request (affair, obligation, business) for him.	small business at PerfSg1Pf-have
#30
A: Hangiiteek, y'i indi.	Zero-hangiit-Zero-eek y'-i i-ndi
A: If you wait, he will come.	ImpfSg2MPf-wait-ImpfSg2M-Adv+if come-FutSg ImpfSg3MPf-say
#31
B: Oond'aab, ani shawaay kaaki.	oond'aab ani shawaay kaa-ki
B: (Right) now, I am not free.	this.time Sg1 free NegImpfSg1Pf-be
#32
Ashshigani.	ashshig-ani
I'm in a hurry.	hurry-ImpfSg1
#33
Laakiin weer door y'i andi.	laakiin weer door y'-i a-ndi
But (some) other time I will come.	but other time come-FutSg ImpfSg1Pf-say
#34
Uusheek ayiiniyeek,	uusheek a-yiini-yeek
If Oosheek comes,	Oosheek come-ImpfSg3M-Adv+if
#35
"Ali ihiriwhook" diyi!	ali i-hiriw-hook di-yi
Tell him "Ali wanted you"!	Ali PerfSg3MPf-want-ObjSg2 say-ImpvF
#36
A: Daayiitu, sooyi andi.	daayiit-u sooy-i a-ndi
A: Good, I will tell (him).	good-IdSg13F tell-FutSg ImpfSg1Pf-say
#37
B: Anaa kwaatu, biibaadhiini!	anaa kwaat-u bii-baadhiin-i
B: Dear sister, don't forget!	hey sister-PossSg1 NegImpvFPf-forget-NegImpvF
#38
A: Kak eebdhiin?!	kak Zero-eebdhiin
A: How (will) I forget?!	how ImpfSg1Pf-forget
#39
B: L'aab aayimi!	l'-aab aayim-i
B: Bye, good afternoon!	be.cool-PtcpPast spend.day-ImpvF
#40
A: Asigaab!	asigaab
A: Same to you.	peaceful
#41
Kwidhi bahaaya!	kwidh-i ba-haa-ya
Don't get lost!	get.lost-FutSg NegImpvMPf-be-NegImpvM
#42
B: Daayiitu. Kwidhi ayaay kaadi!	daayiit-u kwidh-i ayaay kaa-di
B: Good. I won't get completely lost.	good-IdSg13F get.lost-FutSg take.FutSg NegImpfSg1Pf-say
#43
A: Usheekay!	usheek-ay
A: Oh Oosheek!	Oosheek-Vocat
#44
Ali ihiriwhook.	ali i-hiriw-hook
Ali was looking for you (M).	Ali PerfSg3MPf-want-ObjSg2
#45
Oon'umhiinaan eeyaayit, ihariw inawhook.	oon-'u-mhiinaan ee-yaa-yit i-hariw i-naw-hook
He came here and needed (Lit wanted) you and did not find you (failed to).	NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgM-place come-PerfSg3M-Con+then PerfSg3MPf-want PerfSg3MPf-lack-ObjSg2
#46
"Hagita! Y'i indi" adiyeek,	hagit-a y'-i i-ndi a-di-yeek
When I said, "Wait! He will come",	wait-ImpvM come-FutSg ImpfSg3MPf-say PerfSg1Pf-say-Adv+if
#47
"Shawaay kaaki, ashshigani" idiheeb,	shawaay kaa-ki ashshig-ani i-di-heeb,
"I am busy (Lit I am not free), I am in a hurry" he told me,	free NegImpfSg1Pf-be hurry-ImpfSg1 PerfSg3MPf-say-ObjSg1
#48
"Laakiin weer door y'i andi." idi.	laakiin weer door y'-i a-ndi i-di
"But I will come some other time." he said.	but other time come-FutSg ImpfSg1Pf-say PerfSg3MPf-say
#49
"Uusheek ayiiniyeek, Ali halaagaaytehook ibari, diyi!" idi.	uusheek a-yiini-yeek ali halaagaayt-ehook i-bari diy-i i-di
(He said) "If Oosheek comes, tell him I need him (Lit had need of him)." he said.	Oosheek come-ImpfSg3M-Adv+if Ali business-PossSg2 PerfSg3MPf-have say-ImpvF PerfSg3MPf-say
#50
A: Ahaa! Sidkiibu.	ahaa sidkiib-u
A: Oh! He is right.	oh true-IdSg13M
#51
Ani abaadhin.	ani a-baadhin
I forgot.	Sg1 PerfSg1Pf-forget
#52
Amsi wajab gwad iibiri!	amsi wajab gwad ii-biri
I had an appointment with (him) today.	today appointment with PastSg1Pf-have

<422>

١ (قال دۆر, تَك أراوٍييۆه هَلاقايت إيبِرے.) ٢ (وُأَراوٍييۆه قَوٍيده ێيه.ۆ باب إٹأه.) ٣ابوَ, ۆ باب إنٹإِ? ٤ أَنِ, ألٍيبُ. ٥يا مَرهَبَ, يا مَرهَبه. ٦ێتانێنه! ٧تِسنِيێنه! ٨سٌور بَيه! ٩شٌوما! ١٠ دايٍيتُ. ١١ ۆنؤۆمهٍين سأه! ١٢ دايٍيتُ. ١٣ دَبايوه? ١٤ دَبايُ. ١٥ بَتٌوك كَك تِهَيے? ١٦ أنے دايٍيتُ. لِبابٍيوه? ١٧ قْوِرهاب كابَرُ. ١٨ بَتٌوك كَك تِهَيے? ١٩ أنے دايٍيت إهه. ٢٠ نان قْوأَته? ٢١ شاهٍيب قْوأَتَهَن, هَنه جَبَنات? ٢٢ نات قْوإِ كادے. ٢٣ دَوِل دۆر بٌون قْوآبُ. ٢٤ أُوشێك كێيه? ٢٥ أُشَنهۆه أبايُ. ٢٦ نادۆر ێيٍينے? ٢٧ نَبهۆب ێيٍينے. ٢٨ هالۆكُ? ٢٩ دِبِلۆت هَلاقاي هۆي أبَرے. ٣٠ هَنقٍيتێك, يِإِ إندے. ٣١ ۆندآب, أنے شَواي كاكے. ٣٢ أششِقَنے. ٣٣ لاكٍين وێر دۆر يِإِ أندے. ٣٤ أُوشێك أيٍينِيێك, ٣٥ ' ألے إهِرِوهۆك ' دِيے! ٣٦ دايٍيتُ, سۆيے أندے. ٣٧ أنا كْواتُ, بٍيباڈٍينے! ٣٨ كَك ێبڈٍين?! ٣٩ لآب آيِمے! ٤٠ أسِقاب! ٤١ كْوِڈے بَهايه! ٤٢ دايٍيتُ. كْوِڈے أياي كادے! ٤٣ أُشێكَي! ٤٤ ألے إهِرِوهۆك. ٤٥ ۆنءُمهٍينان ێيايِت, إهَرِو إنَوهۆك. ٤٦ ' هَقِته! يِإِ إندے ' أدِيێك, ٤٧ ' شَواي كاكِ, أششِقَنے. ٤٨ لاكٍين وێر دۆر يِإِ أندے. ' إدے. ٤٩ ' أُوشێك أيٍينِيێك, ألے هَلاقايتهۆك إبَرِ, دِيے! ' إدے. ٥٠ ' أها! سِدكٍيبُ. ٥١ أنے أباڈِن. ٥٢ أمسے وَجَب قْوَد إيبِرے! '

Repeated, Intensive Action

Repeated Action Weak and Strong Verb

Aweeb angiid.	I throw a stone.	أوێب أنقٍيد.
Aweeb geedani.	I throw (Rep) stones.	أوێب قێدَنے.
Oogwib andiir.	I kill the rat.	ۆقْوِب أندٍير.
Igwiba eedri.	I kill (Rep) the rats.	إقْوِبه ێدرے.
Mooz ashandhiidh.	I peel a banana.	مۆز أشَنڈٍيڈ.
Mooz shadhiidhani.	I peel (Rep) bananas.	مۆز شَڈٍيڈَنے.

Aweeb gida andi.	I want to throw a stone.	أوێب قِده أندے.
Aweeb geeda andi.	I want to throw (Rep) stones.	أوێب قێده أندے.
Gwib dira andi.	I want to kill the rat.	قْوِب دِره أندے.
Gwibaab daara andi.	I want to kill (Rep) the rats.	قْوِباب داره أندے.
Mooz shidhidha andi.	I want to peel a banana.	مۆز شِڈِڈه أندے.
Mooz shadhiidha andi.	I want to peel (Rep) bananas.	مۆز شَڈٍيڈه أندے.

Auxiliaries: 'to put, to take'

<423>

The verbs aha 'to take' and d'iya 'to put' are used as auxiliaries. Together with the verb diliba which has the general meaning 'to trade', these two auxiliaries convey the meanings 'to buy' (trade and take) and 'to sell' (trade and put).

Auxiliary: 'to take'

Past: 'to buy'

Adlib ayiha.	I bought.	أدلِب أيِهه.
Tidlib tiyihaya.	You (M) bought.	تِدلِب تِيِهَيه.
Tidlib tiyihayi.	You (F) bought.	تِدلِب تِيِهَيے.
Idlib iyiha.	He bought.	إدلِب إيِهه.
Tidlib tiyiha.	She bought.	تِدلِب تِيِهه.
Nidlib niyiha.	We bought.	نِدلِب نِيِهه.
Tidlib tiyiheena.	You (Pl) bought.	تِدلِب تِيِهێنه.
Idlibna iyiheen.	They bought.	إدلِبنه إيِهێن.

Past Perfect: 'to buy'

Dilba ahaabu.	I have bought.	دِلبه أهابُ.
Dilba ahaatuwi.	You (F) have bought.	دِلبه أهاتُوے.
Dilba ahaabu.	He has bought.	دِلبه أهابُ.
Dilba ahaatu.	She has bought.	دِلبه أهاتُ.
Dilba ahaaba.	We have bought.	دِلبه أهابه.
Dilba ahaabaana.	You (Pl M) have bought.	دِلبه أهابانه.
Dilba ahaaba.	They (M) have bought.	دِلبه أهابه.

Past Negative: 'to buy'

Dilba ahaab kaaki.	I (M) didn't buy.	دِلبه أهاب كاكے.
Dilba ahaat kaaki.	I (F) didn't buy.	دِلبه أهات كاكے.
Dilba ahaab kittaa.	You (M) didn't buy.	دِلبه أهاب كِتّا.
Dilba ahaat kittaayi.	You (F) didn't buy.	دِلبه أهات كِتّايے.
Dilba ahaab kiiki.	He didn't buy.	دِلبه أهاب كٍيكے.
Dilba ahaat kitti.	She didn't buy.	دِلبه أهات كِتّے.
Dilba ahaab kinki.	We (M) didn't buy.	دِلبه أهاب كِنكے.
Dilba ahaab kitteena.	You (Pl) didn't buy	دِلبه أهاب كِتّێنه.
Dilba ahaab kiikeen.	They (M) didn't buy.	دِلبه أهاب كٍيكێن.

Present: 'to buy'

Dilbi aniin.	I buy.	دِلبے أنٍين.
Dilbi tiniina.	You (M) buy.	دِلبے تِنٍينه.
Dilbi tiniini.	You (F) buy.	دِلبے تِنٍينے.
Dilbi iniin.	He buys.	دِلبے إنٍين.
Dilbi tiniin.	She buys.	دِلبے تِنٍين.
Dilbi neeyay.	We buy.	دِلبے نێيَي.
Dilbi teeyayna.	You (Pl) buy.	دِلبے تێيَينه.
Dilbi eeyayna.	They buy.	دِلبے ێيَينه.

Present Negative: 'to buy'

Dilbi ka'ayiha / kaayiha.	I don't buy.	دِلبے كَأَيِهه / كايِهه.
Dilbi kit'iyihaya / kitiyihaya.	You (M) don't buy.	دِلبے كِتإِيِهَيه / كِتِيِهَيه.
Dilbi kit'iyihayi / kitiyihayi.	You (F) don't buy.	دِلبے كِتإِيِهَيے / كِتِيِهَيے.
Dilbi ki'iyiha / kiiyiha.	He doesn't buy.	دِلبے كِإِيِهه / كٍييِهه.
Dilbi kit'iyiha / kitiyiha.	She doesn't buy.	دِلبے كِتإِيِهه / كِتِيِهه.
Dilbi kin'iyiha / kiniyiha.	We don't buy.	دِلبے كِنإِيِهه / كِنِيِهه.
Dilbi kit'iyiheena / kitiyiheena.	You (Pl) don't buy.	دِلبے كِتإِيِهێنه / كِتِيِهێنه.
Dilbi ki'iyiheen / kiiyiheen.	They don't buy.	دِلبے كِإِيِهێن / كٍييِهێن.

Future: 'to buy'

Dilbi ayaay tindiya?	Will you (M) buy?	دِلبے أياي تِندِيه?
Dilbi ayaay tindiyi?	Will you (F) buy?	دِلبے أياي تِندِيے?
Dilbi ayaay indi?	Will he buy?	دِلبے أياي إندے?
Dilbi ayaay tindi?	Will she buy?	دِلبے أياي تِندے?
Dilbi niyaay neeyad?	Will we buy?	دِلبے نِياي نێيَد?
Dilbi ayaay teeyadna?	Will you (Pl) buy?	دِلبے أياي تێيَدنه?
Dilbi ayaay eeyadna?	Will they buy?	دِلبے أياي ێيَدنه?

Future Negative: 'to buy'

Dilbi ayaay kaadi.	I won't buy.	دِلبے أياي كادے.
Dilbi ayaay kiddiya.	You (M) won't buy.	دِلبے أياي كِدِّيه.
Dilbi ayaay kiddiyi.	You (F) won't buy.	دِلبے أياي كِدِّيے.
Dilbi ayaay kiidi.	He won't buy.	دِلبے أياي كٍيدے.
Dilbi ayaay kiddi.	She won't buy.	دِلبے أياي كِدّے.
Dilbi niyaay kindi.	We won't buy.	دِلبے نِياي كِندے.
Dilbi ayaay kiddiina.	You (Pl) won't buy	دِلبے أياي كِدٍّينه.
Dilbi ayaay kiidiin.	They won't buy.	دِلبے أياي كٍيدٍين.

Past: 'to buy'

Aat adlib ayiha.	I bought (some) milk.	آت أدلِب أيِهه.
Aat tidlib tiyihaya.	You (M) bought (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب تِيِهَيه.
Aat tidlib tiyihayi.	You (F) bought (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب تِيِهَيے.
Aat idlib iyiha.	He bought (some) milk.	آت إدلِب إيِهه.
Aat tidlib tiyiha.	She bought (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب تِيِهه.
Aat nidlib(ni) niyiha.	We bought (some) milk.	آت نِدلِب (نے) نِيِهه.
Aat tidlib(ni) tiyiheena.	You (Pl) bought (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب (نے) تِيِهێنه.
Aat idlib(ni) iyiheen.	They bought (some) milk.	آت إدلِب (نے) إيِهێن.

Present: 'to buy'

Aat dilbi aniin.	I buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أنٍين.
Aat dilbi tiniina.	You (M) buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے تِنٍينه.
Aat dilbi tiniini.	You (F) buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے تِنٍينے.
Aat dilbi iniin.	He buys (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إنٍين.
Aat dilbi tiniin.	She buys (some) milk.	آت دِلبے تِنٍين.
Aat dilbi neeyay.	We buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے نێيَي.
Aat dilbi teeyayna.	You (Pl) buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے تێيَينه.
Aat dilbi eeyayna.	They buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے ێيَينه.

Future: 'to buy'

Aat dilbi iyaay / ayaay andi.	I will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إياي / أياي أندے.
Aat dilbi iyaay / ayaay tindiya.	You (M) will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إياي / أياي تِندِيه.
Aat dilbi iyaay / ayaay tindiyi.	You (F) will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إياي / أياي تِندِيے.
Aat dilbi iyaay / ayaay indi.	He will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إياي / أياي إندے.
Aat dilbi iyaay / ayaay tindi.	She will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إياي / أياي تِندے.
Aat dilbi niyaay neeyad.	We will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے نِياي نێيَد.
Aat dilbi niyaay / ayaay teeyadna.	You (Pl) will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے نِياي / أياي تێيَدنه.
Aat dilbi niyaay / ayaay eeyadna.	They will buy (some) milk.	آت دِلبے نِياي / أياي ێيَدنه.

Auxiliary: 'to put'

Past: 'to sell'

Aat adlib ad'i.	I sold (some) milk.	آت أدلِب أدإِ.
Aat tidlib tid'iya.	You (M) sold (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب تِدإِيه.
Aat tidlib tid'iyi.	You (F) sold (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب تِدإِيے.
Aat idlib id'i.	He sold (some) milk.	آت إدلِب إدإِ.
Aat tidlib tid'i.	She sold (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب تِدإِ.
Aat nidlib nid'i.	We sold (some) milk.	آت نِدلِب نِدإِ.
Aat tidlib(ni) tid'iina.	You (Pl) sold (some) milk.	آت تِدلِب (نے) تِدإينه.
Aat idlib(ni) id'iin.	They sold (some) milk.	آت إدلِب (نے) إدإين.

Present: 'to sell'

Aat dilbi adan'i.	I sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدَنإِ.
Aat dilbi dan'iya.	You (M) sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے دَنإِيه.
Aat dilbi dan'iyi.	You (F) sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے دَنإِيے.
Aat dilbi dan'i.	He sells (some) milk.	آت دِلبے دَنإِ.
Aat dilbi dan'i.	She sells (some) milk.	آت دِلبے دَنإِ.
Aat dilbi nid'i.	We sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے نِدإِ.
Aat dilbi tid'ina.	You (Pl) sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے تِدإِنه.
Aat dilbi id'iin.	They sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے إدإين.

Future: 'to sell'

Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a andi.	I want to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه أندے.
Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a tindiya.	You (M) want to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه تِندِيه.
Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a tindiyi.	You (F) want to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه تِندِيے.
Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a indi.	He wants to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه إندے.
Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a tindi.	She wants to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه تِندے.
Aat dilbi niid'a neeyad.	We want to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے نٍيدأه نێيَد.
Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a teeyadna.	You (Pl) want to / will, want to sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه تێيَدنه.
Aat dilbi ad'a / iid'a eeyadna.	They want to / will sell (some) milk.	آت دِلبے أدأه / إيدأه ێيَدنه.

Conversation 18 'Selling a Camel' (Examples of Verb Pairs)

<424>

A: wife, B: husband

#1
(Takwa takatuuhwa kaami mhallagaayeeb imooth'ath'ana.)	tak-wa takat-uuh-wa kaam-i mhallagaa-yeeb i-mooth'ath'-ana
(A man and his wife are arguing about the money for a camel.)	man-and woman-PossSg3-and camel-CasGen money-Adv+at PerfPl3Pf-quarrel-PerfPl3
#2
A: Baruuk iru ukaamook tidliba.	baruuk iru u-kaam-ook ti-dlib-a
A: Yesterday you (M) sold your came (M)l.	Sg2M yesterday ArtSgM-camel-PossSg2 PerfSg2MPf-trade-PerfSg2M
#3
Imhallagaayeek kak tiweera?	i-mhallagaa-yeek kak ti-weer-a
How did you (M) do (spend) your money?	ArtPlM-money-PossSg2 how PerfSg2MPf-do-PerfSg2M
#4
Imhallagaayeek aab tihiya?	i-mhallagaa-yeek aab ti-hi-ya
Whom did you (M) give your money?	ArtPlM-money-PossSg2 whoObjM PerfSg2MPf-give-PerfSg2M
#5
B: Imhallagaayii tak hiyaab kaaki.	i-mhallagaa-yii tak hiyaab kaa-ki
B: I didn't give (M) my money to anyone.	ArtPlM-money-Adv+off man give-PtcpPast NegImpfSg1Pf-be
#6
Aan ikatiin.	aan i-kati-in
Here it is (Lit they are).	NearPlMSubj ImpfPl3Pf-be-ImpfPl3
#7
A: Gaaliib hiyaheeb!	gaal-iib hi-ya-heeb
A: Give me some!	one-CasGen give-ImpvM-ObjSg1
#8
B: Naanhooy aniiwhook?	naanhooy a-niiw-hook
B: Why do I give it to you?	why ImpfSg1Pf-give-ObjSg2
#9
A: Halak dilbi ayaay andi.	halak dilbi ayaay a-ndi
A: I will buy a dress (toga).	cloth buying take.FutSg ImpfSg1Pf-say
#10
B: Dawil door halak dilbi ahaat kittaayi?	dawil door halak dilbi ah-aat kit-ta-ayi
B: A short time ago, did you not buy a dress?	closeness time cloth trading take-PtcpPast NegImpfSg2FPf-be-NegImpfSg2F
#11
A: Laakiin uunbaruuh ishtat iyiha.	laakiin uun-baruuh i-shtat i-yiha
A: But it is torn.	but NearSgMSubjPf-Sg3M PerfSg3MPf-tear PerfSg3MPf-take
#12
Uun ikati, shibiba!	uun i-kati shibib-a
Here it is, look (M)!	NearSgMSubj ImpfSg3MPf-be look-ImpvM
#13
B: Batuuk naat takattuwi?	batuuk naat takatt-uwi
B: What kind of a woman are you (F)?	Sg2F thing woman-IdSg2F
#14
Tirig tirig halak dilbi tiniini?	tirig tirig halak dilbi ti-niin-i
Do you (F) buy a dress every month?	month month cloth trading ImpfSg2FPf-take-ImpfSg2F
#15
Aneeb aab hiistiniiheeb?	aneeb aab hiis-tinii-heeb
What do you (F) think of me? (Who do you (F) think I am?).	ObjSg1 whoObjM think-ImpfSg2F-ObjSg1
#16
A: Baalhaa, baalhaa! A'ush.	baa-lh-aa baa-lh-aa a-'ush
A: Don't be angry, don't be angry, I have given up (Lit I left it).	NegImpvMPf-be.ache-NegImpvM NegImpvMPf-be.ache-NegImpvM PerfSg1Pf-leave
#17
Shaawi araatihook kaadi.	shaawi araat-i-hook kaa-di
I won't ask (F) you again.	again ask-FutSg-ObjSg2 NegImpfSg1Pf-say
#18
B: Laa laa laa! Bihasaayi!	laa laa laa bi-hasaa-yi
B: Oh no no no, don't be upset!	no no no NegImpvFPf-be.angry-NegImpvF
#19
Halak dilbi tiniinhoob,	halak dilbi ti-niin-hoob
When you buy a dress,	cloth trading ImpfSg3FPf-take-Adv+when
#20
tirig gaal haay kitihagiti?	tirig gaal haay kiti-hagit-i
doesn't it last (even) one month?	month one with NegImpfSg2FPf-wait-NegImpfSg2F
#21
Ubasharook naan hooy tiha?	u-bashar-ook naan hooy t-iha
What is the matter with (in) your body?	ArtSgM-body-PossSg2 what at PerfSg3FPf-be
#22
N'eet hooy tihay?	n'eet hooy ti-hay
Is there a fire (inside)?	fire at PerfSg3FPf-be
#23
Kak halak gaal tirgiib ishtatit,	kak halak gaal tirg-iib i-shtat-it
How did the dress get torn in one month?	how cloth one month-Adv+at PerfSg3MPf-tear-Con+then
#24
Dehay tirig ushit, masseet kaamlaat haay ihagitna,	dehay tirig ush-i-t masseet kaaml-aat haay i-hagit-na
Not just a month, a whole year people use	people month leave-ImpvF-Con+then year whole-Pl with ImpfPl3Pf-wait-ImpfPl3
#25
gaal halak!	gaal halak
one dress!	one cloth

<425>

١ (تَكْوه تَكَتٌوهوه كامے مهَلَّقايێب إمۆٹأَٹأَنه .) ٢بَرٌوك إرُ أُكامۆك تِدلِبه. ٣ إِمهَلَّقايێك كَك تِوێره? ٤ إِمهَلَّقايێك آب تِهِيه? ٥ إِمهَلَّقايِي تَك هِياب كاكے. ٦ان إكَتٍين. ٧قالٍيب هِيَهێب! ٨نانهۆي أنٍيوهۆك? ٩هَلَك دِلبے أياي أندے. ١٠ دَوِل دۆر هَلَك دِلبے أهات كِتّايے? ١١ لاكٍين أُونبَرٌوه إشتَت إيِهه. ١٢ أُون إكَتِ, شِبِبه! ١٣ بَتٌوك نات تَكَتُّوے? ١٤ تِرِق تِرِق هَلَك دِلبے تِنٍينے? ١٥ أنێب آب هٍيستِنٍيهێب? ١٦ بالها, بالها!أءُش. ١٧ شاوے أراتِهۆك كادے. ١٨ لا لا لا! بِهَسايے! ١٩ هَلَك دِلبے تِنٍينهۆب, ٢٠ تِرِق قال هاي كِتِهَقِتے? ٢١ أُبَشَرۆك نان هۆي تِهه? ٢٢ نئێت هۆي تِهَي? ٢٣ كَك هَلَك قال تِرقٍيب إشتَتِت, ٢٤ دهَي تِرِق أُشِت, مَسّێت كاملات هاي إهَقِتنَ, ٢٥ قال هَلَك!

Nominalized Verbs

<426>

Verbs can be changed into nouns of action, such as 'To arrive' > 'Arrival'. The verbs of different patterns will produce different shapes of nouns. The table (below) gives an overview. Only the most productive patterns have been presented.

<427>

Note that (1) weak verbs all have the same pattern: The noun is masculine, and consists of the verb-stem plus -ti.

<428>

Note that (2) strong verbs have different patterns: Some strong verbs are changed to masculine nouns, others - especially derived verbs such as causative verbs etc. - are changed to feminine nouns.

Table 34: The Main Nominalization Patterns: Weak Verbs

		Examples:	Nominalization:	Pattern and Gender:
				(M)
yak-aa	> oo-yak-ti	start	> the starting	stem > oo-Stem-ti

Table 35: The Main Nominalization Patterns: Strong Verbs

		Examples:	Nominalization:	Pattern and Gender:
				(M)
kitim-a	> oo-ktuum	arrive	> the arrival	CiCiC > oo-CCuuC
bis-a	> oo-baas	bury	> the burial	CiC > oo-CaaC
				(F)
kan-a	> tu-kanaan	know	> the knowledge	CaC > tu-CaCaaC
sookin-a	> tu-sooknooy	inform	> the informing	other patterns

More Examples: Nominalized Verbs

Weak Verbs:
(M)
yakaa / uyakti	start / the starting	يَكا / أُيَكتے
waawaa / uwaawti	weep / the weeping	واوا / أُواوتے
Strong Verbs:
(M)
kitima / ooktuum	arrive / the arrival	كِتِمه / ۆكتٌوم
winina / oownuun	be angry / the anger	وِنِنه / ۆونٌون
bitika / oobtuuk	divide / the dividing	بِتِكه / ۆبتٌوك
dibila / oodbuul	collect (things) / the collecting of the things	دِبِله / ۆدبٌول
dhigwiya / oodhgwuuy	count / the counting	ڈِقْوِيه / ۆڈقْوٌوي
fitira / ooftuur	have breakfast / the breakfast	فِتِره / ۆفتٌور
(M)
bisa / oobaas	hide / the hiding	بِسه / ۆباس
miga, maga / oomaag	be bad / the being bad	مِقه, مَقه / ۆماق
hiya / oomyaaw	give / the giving	هِيه / ۆمياو
aha / oomyaay	take / the taking	أهه / ۆمياي
sikwiya / ooskwuuy	follow, run after / the following, running after (I)	سِكْوِيه / ۆسكْوٌوي
(F)
kana / tukanaan	know / the knowing, knowledge	كَنه / تُكَنان
gama / tugamaam	fail / the failing	قَمه / تُقَمام
faya / tufayaay	be / the being, the existence	فَيه / تُفَياي
kaya / tukayaay, tukatooy	be / the being, the existence	كَيه / تُكَياي, تُكَتۆي
(F)
atoomaana / tutoomnooy	shave / the being shaved	أتۆمانه / تُتۆمنۆي
sookina / tusooknooy	inform, let know / the informing, letting know	سۆكِنه / تُسۆكنۆي
sikwiya / tooskwuuy	follow (run after) / the following, running after (II)	سِكْوِيه / تۆسكْوٌوي
at'abaaka / tut'abkwooy	get caught / the being caught	أتأَباكه / تُتأَبكْوۆي
gwhara / toogwhar	steal / the stealing	قْوهَره / تۆقْوهَر
fiyaka / tumifiyeek	load / the loading	فِيَكه / تُمِفِيێك

Greetings and Nominalized Verbs (Cognate objects)

<429>

The verb and the noun which is derived from the same verb are occasionally used together, especially in greetings such as the following.

Rayhamaat naay naayaana!	Sleep a peaceful sleep!	رَيهَمات ناي نايانه!
Rayhamaat tiina / aaymaam aayimna!	Spend peaceful days / a peaceful afternoon!	رَيهَمات تٍينه / آيمام آيِمنه!
Rayhamaat aymim aayimna!	Spend a peaceful day!	رَيهَمات أيمِم آيِمنه!
Rayhamaat hawid hawidna!	Spend a peaceful night!	رَيهَمات هَوِد هَوِدنه!

'Can' and Nominalized Verbs 1

Ani whireer adgirani.	I can walk.	أنے وُهِرێر أدقِرَنے.
Baruuk whireer adgirtiniya.	You (M) can walk.	بَرٌوك وُهِرێر أدقِرتِنِيه.
Batuuk whireer adgirtinii.	You (F) can walk.	بَتٌوك وُهِرێر أدقِرتِنِي.
Baruuh whireer adgiriini.	He can walk.	بَرٌوه وُهِرێر أدقِرٍينے.
Batuuh whireer adgirtini.	She can walk.	بَتٌوه وُهِرێر أدقِرتِنے.
Hinin whireer adgirnay.	We can walk.	هِنِن وُهِرێر أدقِرنَي.
Baraakna / bataakna whireer adgirteena.	You (M Pl) / (F Pl) can walk.	بَراكنه / بَتاكنه وُهِرێر أدقِرتێنه.
Baraah / bataah whireer adgireen.	They (M) / (F) can walk.	بَراه / بَتاه وُهِرێر أدقِرێن.

'Can' and Nominalized Verbs 2

Ani whireer adgiri kaadi.	I won't be able to walk.	أنے وُهِرێر أدقِرے كادے.
Baruuk whireer adgiri kiddiya.	You (M) won't be able to walk.	بَرٌوك وُهِرێر أدقِرے كِدِّيه.
Batuuk whireer adgiri kiddiyi.	You (F) won't be able to walk.	بَتٌوك وُهِرێر أدقِرے كِدِّيے.
Baruuh whireer adgiri kiidi.	He won't be able to walk.	بَرٌوه وُهِرێر أدقِرے كٍيدے.
Batuuh whireer adgiri kiddi.	She won't be able to walk.	بَتٌوه وُهِرێر أدقِرے كِدّے.
Hinin whireer adgirni kindi.	We won't be able to walk.	هِنِن وُهِرێر أدقِرنے كِندے.
Baraakna / bataakna whireer adgiri kiddiina.	You (M Pl) / you (F Pl) won't be able to walk.	بَراكنه / بَتاكنه وُهِرێر أدقِرے كِدٍّينه.
Baraah / bataah whireer adgiri kiidiin.	They (M) / they (F) won't be able to walk.	بَراه / بَتاه وُهِرێر أدقِرے كٍيدٍين.

Nominalization and Verb Patterns

Pattern: CiCiC > CCuuC (fitira > ooftuur)

<430>

In the examples here below, an epenthetic i may be inserted between the first two consonants. Thus, CCuuC may be pronounced as CiCuuC. But after a prefix, only CCuuC will be used.

Ooftuur haam'aa!	Bring the breakfast!	ۆفتٌور هامآ!
usuugi ktuum	the reaching of the market	أُسٌوقے كِتٌوم
urabayi dbuul	the collecting of luggage	أُرَبَيے دِبٌول
Toownuun ka'adgiran.	I can't stand anger.	تۆونٌون كَأَدقِرَن.
Ubaabi ngwuul daayiib tikteena.	You know well how to open the door (Lit the opening of the door).	أُبابے نِقْوٌول دايٍيب تِكتێنه.

Pattern: CiC > CaaC (bisa > oobaas)

W-halaki baas tikteena?	Do you know how to hide the clothes (Lit the burying of cloth)?	وُ-هَلَكے باس تِكتێنه?
Oon'urabayi baas tikteena?	Do you know how to hide the things?	ۆنءُرَبَيے باس تِكتێنه?
Uumaag yakiya.	The war (Lit bad thing) broke out.	أُوماق يَكِيه.
Ti-hamooti maan tikteena?	Do you know how to shave hair?	تے-هَمۆتے مان تِكتێنه?
W-awaayi gaad whamashaayiida finaayi tarabu / harawaayu.	Throwing a stone at a blind person is seeking trouble (Lit half a war).	وُ-أوايے قاد وُهَمَشايٍيده فِنايے تَرَبُ / هَرَوايُ.
Een'imhallaga kasseeh naan kwaasa tindiya?	What will you do, create with all this money?	ێنإِمهَلَّقه كَسّێه نان كْواسه تِندِيه?
Uumaag yakiinihoob, hinin dhabeen dehay kinki.	When the war (Lit bad thing) arises, we are not people who run away.	أُوماق يَكٍينِهۆب, هِنِن ڈَبێن دهَي كِنكے.
U-yiwaashi faaf ubaabiiyoon dabaay maagnaayti harawaayu.	Pouring of dirt in front of our elders, fathers is seeking trouble (Lit badness).	أُ- يِواشے فاف أُبابٍييۆن دَباي ماقنايتے هَرَوايُ.
W-araawiiyook faak daayiib kiiki.	Threatening, inciting your friend is not good.	وُ-أراوٍييۆك فاك دايٍيب كٍيكے.
U-baabi kwaal hanyiis.	Knocking (at) the door is better.	أُ- بابے كْوال هَنيٍيس.
Ti-hamooteeyook laag hanyiis.	Combing your hair (s) is better.	تے-هَمۆتێيۆك لاق هَنيٍيس.
Tu-gimaamaati laaw daayiibu.	Burning rubbish is good.	تُ-قِماماتے لاو دايٍيبُ.
U-nifsiiyook maar umtihaani dabaay hanyiis.	Preparation, preparing yourself before an exam is better.	أُ- نِفسٍييۆك مار أُمتِهانے دَباي هَنيٍيس.
Oonaaw / uunaaw amaag naatu.	Avoiding (people) is a bad thing.	ۆناو / أُوناو أماق ناتُ.
W-adaayi saab akraa-naatu.	Skinning (off) your skin is a hard, strong thing.	وُ-أدايے ساب أكرا-ناتُ.
W-haafiiyook taab daayi na kitti.	Filling your belly is not a good thing.	وُ-هافٍييۆك تاب دايے نه كِتّے.

Pattern: CaC > CaCaaC (kana > kanaan)

Tudaayiinaaytiit gamaam daayii-na kitti.	Ignoring, denial of good deeds is not a good thing.	تُدايٍينايتٍيت قَمام دايِي-نه كِتّے.
Udehayiit kanaan dim'araabu.	Knowing people is useful.	أُدهَيٍيت كَنان دِمأَرابُ.
Yi-araaweetook ramaam gwidaa-na anf'atnihook.	Accompanying your friends will benefit you in many ways.	يے-أراوێتۆك رَمام قْوِدا-نه أنفأَتنِهۆك.
Imhallagaayeetook shawawiyooy (dibuul) daayiitu.	Gathering your money (that you keep your money together) is good.	إمهَلَّقايێتۆك شَوَوِيۆي (دِبٌول) دايٍيتُ.
Ishawaweetook taraar daayi na kitti; aflaa ishawaweek baataara!	Avoiding of your neighbors is not good; So don't avoid your neighbors!	إشَوَوێتۆك تَرار دايے نه كِتِّ; أفلا إشَوَوێك باتاره!
Ugawiib tufayaaytuuk y'amna areestini.	Your (M) presence (being) at home makes the guest happy.	أُقَوٍيب تُفَيايتٌوك يِأَمنه أرێستِنے.
Uulbaab daayi naatu.	Happiness is a good thing.	أُولباب دايے ناتُ.
Uufraay / ufiraay t'aliim anuu ka'anf'iya.	Having children without education does not profit anyone.	أُوفراي / أُفِراي تأَلٍيم أنُو كَأَنفإِيه.

Pattern: ...Ciy > ...Cooy (mhiya > mhiyooy)

Udehayiida tuushnhooy daayi na kitti.	The need of (dependence on) people is not a good thing.	أُدهَيٍيده تٌوشنهۆي دايے نه كِتّے.
Usuugiit gidehooy daayiitu.	Going down to the market is good.	أُسٌوقٍيت قِدهۆي دايٍيتُ.
Y'araweesook tumhiyooy daayi na kitti.	Staying, remaining away from your friends is not a good thing.	يِأَرَوێسۆك تُمهِيۆي دايے نه كِتّے.

Other Patterns

Gwidat ugawiisook tumifir'ooy daayi na kitti.	To be absent too often (Lit frequency of absence) is not a good thing.	قْوِدَت أُقَوٍيسۆك تُمِفِرؤۆي دايے نه كِتّے.
Ti-araaweetook hamuuy daayi na kitti.	Blaming your friend is not a good thing.	تے-أراوێتۆك هَمٌوي دايے نه كِتّے.
Maagnaaytiit weerooy araaw kitehihook.	Doing bad things (Lit an act of badness) doesn't give you a friend.	ماقنايتٍيت وێرۆي أراو كِتهِهۆك.
Yi-araaweet shawawyooy daayi na kitti.	Inciting friends is not good.	يے-أراوێت شَوَويۆي دايے نه كِتّے.
Ugwharaayit naakbooy adaatnihook.	Running after the thief harms you.	أُقْوهَرايِت ناكبۆي أداتنِهۆك.
Ushanhiib tu'amaraariyooy atookkina naatu.	Meeting at one's work is a common (known) thing.	أُشَنهٍيب تُأَمَرارِيۆي أتۆكِّنه ناتُ.
Whara baatiwaaya!	Don't deny that you have lied (Lit the lie).	وُهَره باتِوايه!
Tubaskaawi digwigwa, ootam sinhada.	Break the biscuits (Lit divide the biscuit), finish the meal.	تِبَسكاوے دِقْوِقْوه, ۆ تَم فايِسه / سِنهَده.
Usuugi miibi ka'adgiran. Usuugiib ba'aayiima!	I can't stand leaving, going to the market. Don't stay long (spend the afternoon) at the market.	أُسٌوقے مٍيبے كَأَدقِرَن.أُسٌوقٍيب بَآيٍيمه!
Whibti amaagu.	Falling is bad.	وُهِبتے أماقُ.

Conversation 19 'Visiting an Official' (Examples of Nominalization)

<431>

H: host, V: visitor

#1
H: Oon'umhiinaan w'aayookna daayi hinin winneet afirhaaba.	oon-'u-mhiinaan w-'aay-ookna daayi hinin winneet afirh-aab-a
H: We are very happy about your coming here.	NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgM-place ArtSgM-arrival-PossPl2 good Pl1 very rejoice-PtcpPast-IdPl13M
#2
V: Hininhan oon'umhiinaani	hinin-han oon-'u-mhiinaan-i
V: We also (for us to come) here	Pl1-also NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgM-place-CasGen
#3
bareeyookna rhitiida winneet afirhaaba.	bareeyookna rhiti-i-da winneet afirh-aab-a
in order to see you, we are very happy.	CaseGenPl2M seeing-CasGen-AdvGen+for very rejoice-PtcpPast-IdPl13M
#4
H: Barook oosmook aab eeyadna?	barook oo-sm-ook aab Zero-eeyad-na
H: What is your name?	Sg2MObj ArtSgMObj-name-PossSg2 whoObjM ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3
#5
V: Aneeb Ali eeyadnaheeb.	aneeb Ali Zero-eeyad-na-heeb
V: They call me Ali.	Sg1 Ali ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3-ObjSg1
#6
H: Uunbatuuh naat ayaayhook tibari?	uun-batuuh naat ayaay-hook ti-bari
H: What relationship do you have to her?	NearSgFSubjPf-Sg3F thing relationship-PossSg2 PerfSg3FPf-have
#7
V: Uunbatuuh takattootu.	uun-batuuh takatt-oot-u
V: She is my wife.	NearSgFSubjPf-Sg3F woman-PossSg1-IdSg13F
#8
H: Oosmooh aab eeyadna?	oo-sm-ooh aab eeyad-na
H: What is she called (Lit her or his name, what do they say?) ?	ArtSgMObj-name-PossSg3 whoObjM Zero-ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3-ObjSg1
#9
V: Oosmooh Zaynab eeyadna.	oo-sm-ooh Zaynab Zero-eeyad-na
V: Her name is Zaynab.	ArtSgMObj-name-PossSg3 Zaynab ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3-ObjSg1
#10
H: Baruuk naa takwa? / Baraakna naan daayaana?	baruuk naa tak-wa baraakna naan daa-yaana
H: What kind of person are you (M) (Lit you (M) what man are you (M)?) / What is your (Pl) nationality? (Lit you (Pl) what people are you?)	Sg2M what man-IdSg2M Pl2M what man-IdPl13M
#11
V: Hinin Iritriiba.	hinin iritriib-a
V: We are Eritreans.	Pl1 Eritrean-IdPl13M
#12
H: Naan daateena?	naan daa-teena
H: What do you (Pl) do?	what do-ImpfPl2
#13
V: Hinin mhallaan Ut'aliimiit Wazaraatiib shagaamnay.	hinin mhall-aan u-t'aliim-iit wazaraat-iib shagaam-nay
V: We both (of us) work in the Ministry of Education.	Pl1 both-PossPl1 ArtSgM-education-CasGen ministry-Adv+at work-ImpfPl1
#14
H: Ut'aliimiit Wazaraatiib naan daateena?	u-t'aliim-iit wazaraat-iib naan daa-teena
H: What do you do (Lit work) in the Ministry of Education?	ArtSgM-education-CasGen ministry-Adv+at what do-ImpfPl2
#15
V: Kitab nikatib. Oodehay iktabeet kitaaba allamnay.	kitab ni-katib oo-dehay i-ktab-eet kitaaba allam-nay
V: We write books. We teach people the writing of books.	book ImpfPl1Pf-write ArtSgMObj-people ArtPlM-book-CasGen writing teach-ImpfPl1
#16
H: Naakaat tiina Soodaaneeb tibariina?	naakaat tiin-a soodaan-eeb ti-bari-ina
H: How many days have you been in Sudan?	how.many sun-Pl Sudan-Adv+at PerfPl2Pf-have-PerfPl2
#17
V: Asaramaat tiinaa nibari.	asaramaat tiin-aa ni-bari
V: We had seven days.	seven sun-Pl PerfPl1Pf-have
#18
H: Suuri dabaab Soodaan rhaabaana?	suuri dabaab soodaan rh-aab-aana
H: Did you see the Sudan before?	earlier additionally Sudan see-PtcpPast-IdPl2M
#19
V: Laa laa laa, kinki.	laa laa laa kin-ki
V: No no no, we haven't.	no no no NegImpfPl1Pf-be
#20
H: Aflaa, Kassalaab baakaay,	aflaa kassalaa-b baa-ka-ay
H: So then, apart from Kasala	so.then Kasala-Obj NegPtcpPf-be-NegPtcpM
#21
mhiinaan weer rhitaana?	mhiinaan weer rhi-taana
have you seen any other place?	place other see-PerfPl2
#22
V: Suuri dabaab, Kassalaab baakaay,	suuri dabaab kassalaab baa-ka-ay
V: Before, apart from Kasala,	ahead additionally Kasala-Obj NegPtcpPf-be-NegPtcpM
#23
mhiinaan weer rhaab kinki.	mhiinaan weer rh-aab kin-ki
we haven't seen any other place.	place other see-PtcpPast NegImpfPl1Pf-be
#24
Laakiin Bar'uuti miibi s'ayaamnay.	laakiin bar'uut-i miibi s'ayaam-nay
But we expect to go to Port Sudan.	but Port.Sudan-CasGen going expect-ImpfPl1
#25
H: Naanaatii Bar'uut baya teeyadna?	naanaat-ii bar'uut bay-a t-eeyad-na
H: Why do you want to go to Port Sudan?	what.thing-Adv+off Port.Sudan go-FutSg ImpfPl2Pf-say-ImpfPl2
#26
V: Oobhar rha neeyad,	oo-bhar rh-a n-eeyad
V: We want to see the Sea,	ArtSgMObj-sea see-FutSg ImpfPl1Pf-say
#27
tubdhaawiyeeti dehay gaabalaat,	tu-bdhaawiyeet-i dehay gaabal-aat
meet (Lit visit) the Beja people;	ArtSgF-Beja-CasGen people visit-PtcpPast
#28
Bidhaawiyeeti hadiidsama neeyad;	bidhaawiyeet-i hadiidsam-a n-eeyad
We want to talk Beja;	Beja-CasGen let.talk-FutSg ImpfPl1Pf-say
#29
oosookehan rha neeyad.	oosook-ehan rh-a n-eeyad
we want to see Suakin as well.	Suakin-also see-FutSg ImpfPl1Pf-say
#30
H: Daayiitu.	daayiit-u
H: OK (Lit It (F) is good).	good-IdSg13F

<432>

١ ۆنءُمهٍينان وُآيۆكنه دايے هِنِن وِنّێت أفِرهابه. ٢هِنِنهَن ۆنءُمهٍينانے ٣ بَرێيۆكنه رهِتٍيده وِنّێت أفِرهابه. ٤بَرۆك ۆسمۆك آب ێيَدنه? ٥ أَنێب ألے ێيَدنَهێب. ٦ أٌونبَتٌوه نات أيايهۆك تِبَرے? ٧ أٌونبَتٌوه تَكَتّۆتُ. ٨ۆسمۆه آب ێيَدنه? ٩ۆسمۆه زَينَب ێيَدنه. ١٠ بَرٌوك نا تَكْوه? / بَراكنه نان دايانه? ١١ هِنِن إرِترٍيبه. ١٢ نان داتێنه? ١٣ هِنِن مهَلّان أُتأَلٍيمٍيت وَزَراتٍيب شَقامنَي. ١٤ أُتأَلٍيمٍيت وَزَراتٍيب نان داتێنه? ١٥ كِتَب نِكَتِب.ۆ دهَي إكتَبێت كِتابه ألَّمنَي. ١٦ ناكات تٍينه سۆدانێب تِبَرٍينه? ١٧ أسَرَمات تٍينا نِبَرے. ١٨ سٌورے دَبَب سۆدان رهابانه? ١٩ لا لا لا, كِنكے. ٢٠ أفلا, كَسَّلاب باكاي, ٢١ مهٍينان وێر رهِتانه? ٢٢ سٌورے دَبَب, كَسَّلاب باكاي, ٢٣ مهٍينان وێر رهاب كِنكے. ٢٤ لاكٍين بَرُوتے مٍيبے سأَيامنَي. ٢٥ ناناتِي بَرُوت بَيه تێيَدنه? ٢٦ ۆبهَر رهه نێيَد; ٢٧ تُبڈاوِيێتے دهَي قابَلات, ٢٨ بِڈاوِيێتے هَدٍيدسَمه نێيَد; ٢٩ ۆسۆكهَن رهه نێيَد. ٣٠ دايٍيتُ.

Mood and Illocutionary Force

<433>

The mood or the illocutionary force gives a clause or a talk its particular purpose. It makes a clause a statement, a question, a wish, a command, etc.

Mood

<434>

The modalities or moods and the illocutionary force stand for varying degrees of permission, obligation, willingness etc. In English these are mainly expressed by auxiliaries ('should, may, might, will, would' etc.).

Imperatives and Jussives

<435>

To request that something should be done, the imperative is used for the second person, as in '(You) do it!', and the jussive for the first or third person, as in 'Let us, let them do it'. Here below are requests addressed to the second person:

Imperative: Positive, Negative

Diyaheeb!	Tell (M) me!	دِيَهێب!
Diyiheeb!	Tell (F) me!	دِيِهێب!
Diinaheeb / diyinaheeb!	Tell (Pl) me!	دٍينَهێب / دِيِنَهێب!

Baadiiyaheeb!	Don't (M) tell me!	بادٍييَهێب!
Biidiiyiheeb!	Don't (F) tell me!	بٍيدٍييِهێب!
Baadiinaheeb!	Don't (Pl) tell me!	بادٍينَهێب!

Imperative with Please

<436>

To soften the command, in the Atman dialect the word hindeeh 'please', can be used before the verb, but it requires that the verb takes the suffix -n, which also may be translated as 'please'. (The form hindeeh 'please' is not used in other dialects, but the -n is.)

Hindeeh tamaan!	Please eat (M)!	هِندێه تَمان!
Hindeeh tamiin!	Please eat (F)!	هِندێه تَمٍين!
Hindeeh tamaanan!	Please eat (Pl)!	هِندێه تَمانَن!

Jussive

<437>

The first and third person uses the suffix –at or -atay to express the jussive. The same suffix can also be used in the second person, but it is more common to use the imperative instead.

Table 36: Imperative, Jussive Paradigm 1

Araatatay, araatat!	Let me ask!	أراتَتَي / (أراتَت)!
Araataa! / Naan araatata?	Ask (M)! / What would you (M) like to ask?	أراتا! / نان أراتَته?
Araatii! / Naan araatati?	Ask (F)! / What would you (F) like to ask?	أراتِي! / نان أراتَتے?
Ba'araatiiyay / (ba'araatii)!	Let him ask!	بَأَراتٍييَي / (بَأَراتِي)!
Ba'araattiyay / (ba'araatti)!	Let her ask!	بَأَراتِّيَي / (بَأَراتّے)!
Araatniiyay / (araatnii)!	Let us ask!	أراتنٍييَي / (أراتنِي)!
Araataana! / Naan araatatna?	Ask (Pl)! / What would you (Pl) like to ask?	أراتانه! / نان أراتَتنه?
Ba'araatiinay / (ba'araatiin)!	Let them ask!	بَأَراتٍينَي / (بَأَراتٍين)!

Table 37: Imperative, Jussive Paradigm 2

Gw'atay, gw'ata!	Let me drink!	قْوأَتَي / قْوأَته!
Gw'ataa!	Drink (M)!	قْوأَتا!
Naan gw'ata?	What would you (M) like to drink?	نان قْوأَته?
Gw'atii!	Drink (F)!	قْوأَتِي!
Naan gw'ati?	What would you (F) like to drink?	نان قْوأَتے?
Bagw'iyay!	Let him drink!	بَقْوإِيَي!
Bagw'atiyay!	Let her drink!	بَقْوأَتِيَي!
Gw'aniiyay!	Let us drink!	قْوأَنٍييَي!
Gw'aana!	Drink (Pl)!	قْوآنه!
Naan gw'atna?	What would you (Pl) like to drink?	نان قْوأَتنه?
Bagw'iinay!	Let them drink!	بَقْوإينَي!

Jussive: first Person

Jussive: 'let me', Weak Verbs

With Adverb:
Awwal fiinatay!	Let me rest first!	أوَّل فٍينَتَي!
Awwal gw'atay!	Let me drink first!	أوَّل قْوأَتَي!
With Object:
Ootam tamatay!	Let me eat the porridge!	ۆتَم تَمَتَي!
Ushanhu faayisatay!	Let me finish my work!	أُشَنهُ فايِسَتَي!
Naat rhiseetookay!	Let me show you (M) something!	نات رهِسێتۆكَي!
Naat sooyeetookay!	Let me tell, inform you (M) (about) something!	نات سۆيێتۆكَي!
Gaana araateetookay!	Let me ask you (Sg) one thing!	قانه أراتێتۆكَي!
Gaana araateetooknaay!	Let me ask you (Pl) one thing!	قانه أراتێتۆكناي!

Jussive: 'let me', Strong Verbs

Hindeeh difatay!	Let me leave, please!	هِندێه دِفَتَي!
Hindeeh ahatay!	Let me take (sth.), please!	هِندێه أهَتَي!
Waraga harwatay!	Let me look for some paper, please!	وَرَقه هَروَتَي!
Waraga miryatay!	Let me find some paper, please!	وَرَقه مِريَتَي!
Ujawaab kitbatay!	Let me write the letter!	أُجَواب كِتبَتَي!
Ujawaab shibbatay!	Let me see the letter!	أُجَواب شِبَّتَي!

Oond'aab hiyatookay!	Now let me give (it to) you (M)!	ۆندآب هِيَتۆكَي!
Oond'aab awaytookay!	Now let me help you (M)!	ۆندآب أوَيتۆكَي!
Hindeeh hagittookay!	Please let me await you (M)!	هِندێه هَقِتّۆكَي!
Hindeeh sinitookay!	Please let me await you (M)!	هِندێه سِنِتۆكَي!
Hindeeh hagittooknaay!	Please let me await you (Pl)!	هِندێه هَقِتّۆكناي!
Hindeeh sinitooknaay!	Please let me await you (Pl)!	هِندێه سِنِتۆكناي!

Jussive: 'let us', Weak Verbs

With Adverb:
Awwal fiinniiyay!	Let us rest first!	أوَّل فٍينٍّييَي!
Awwal tamniiyay!	Let us eat first!	أوَّل تَمنٍييَي!
Awwal gw'aniiyay!	Let us drink first!	أوَّل قْوأَنٍييَي!
With Object:
Ushanhoon faayisniiyay!	Let us finish our work!	أُشَنهۆن فايِسنٍييَي!
Naat rhiseetook eenayay!	Let us show you (M) something!	نات رهِسێتۆك ێنَيَي!
Gaana sooyeetook eenayay!	Let us tell, inform you (M) (about) one thing!	قانه سۆيێتۆك ێنَيَي!
Gaana araateetook eenayay!	Let us ask you one thing!	قانه أراتێتۆك ێنَيَي!

Jussive: 'let us', Strong Verbs

With 'please':
Hindeeh niidifay!	Please let us go, leave!	هِندێه نٍيدِفَي!
Hindeeh ahat eenayay / niiyaayay!	Please let us have / take it!	هِندێه أهَت ێنَيَي / نٍييايَي!
Hindeeh nihiriway!	Please let us look for it!	هِندێه نِهِرِوَي!
Hindeeh nimaaray!	Please let us find it!	هِندێه نِمارَي!
With Object:
Jawaab niktibay!	Let us write a letter!	جَواب نِكتِبَي!
Hindeeh niit'iwhookay!	Let us help you!	هِندێه نٍيتإِوهۆكَي!
Hindeeh hagittook eenayay!	Let us wait for you!	هِندێه هَقِتّۆك ێنَيَي!
Hindeeh sinitook eenayay!	Let us wait, stay for you!	هِندێه سِنِتۆك ێنَيَي!

Jussive: second Person

<438>

The forms in -at have been called future or jussive, but these do not really capture the sense of these forms. The general term subordinate seems to be more adequate. This is obvious from the use of these forms in questions such as gw'ata 'would you like to drink?'

Jussive: 'would you', Weak Verbs

Naan gw'ata?	What would you (M) like to drink?	نان قْوأَته?
Naan tamata?	What would you (M) like to eat?	نان تَمَته?

Jussive: 'would you', Strong Verbs

Naan miriyata?	What would you (M) like to find?	نان مِرِيَته?
Naan hiyata?	What would you (M) like to give?	نان هِيَته?
Naat kitmata?	Where do you like to get to (reach)?	نات كِتمَته?

Jussive: third Person

Jussive: 'let him', Weak Verbs

Without Object:
Hindeeh, awwal bafiiniiyay!	Please let him rest first!	هِندێه, أوَّل بَفٍينٍييَي!
Awwal batamiiyay!	Let him eat first!	أوَّل بَتَمٍييَي!
Awwal bagw'iiyay!	Let him drink first!	أوَّل بَقْوإييَي!
With Object:
Ushanhooh bafaayisiiyay!	Let him finish his work!	أُشَنهۆه بَفايِسٍييَي!
Naat barhisiihookay!	Let him show you (M) something!	نات بَرهِسٍيهۆكَي!
Gaana basooyiihookay!	Let him tell, inform you (M) one thing!	قانه بَسۆيٍيهۆكَي!
Gaana ba'araatiihookay!	Let him ask you (M) one thing!	قانه بَأَراتٍيهۆكَي!

Jussive: 'let him', Strong Verbs

With 'please':
Hindeeh ba'idifay!	Please let him go, leave!	هِندێه بَإِدِفَي!
Hindeeh ba'iyaayay!	Let him have, take it!	هِندێه بَإِيايَي!
Hindeeh ba'ihiriway!	Let him look for it!	هِندێه بَإِهِرِوَي!
Hindeeh ba'imiray!	Let him find it!	هِندێه بَإِمِرَي!
With Object:
Jawaab ba'iiktibay!	Let him write a letter!	جَواب بَإيكتِبَي!
Hindeeh ba'iit'iwhookay!	Please let him help you!	هِندێه بَإيتإِوهۆكَي!
Hindeeh ba'ihigitehookay!	Let him wait for you!	هِندێه بَإِهِقِتهۆكَي!
Hindeeh ba'isaanhookay!	Let him wait, stay for you!	هِندێه بَإِسانهۆكَي!

Jussive: 'let them', Weak Verbs

Ba'araatiin (ba'araatiinay)!	Let them ask, may they ask!	بَأَراتٍين (بَأَراتٍينَي)!
Batamiin (batamiinay)!	Let them eat, may they eat!	بَتَمٍين (بَتَمٍينَي)!
Bagw'iin (bagw'iinay)!	Let them drink, may they drink!	بَقْوإين (بَقْوإينَي)!

<439>

Here follow the forms of the jussive with full paradigms. (For second persons it is more common to use the imperative.) Additional paradigms are given further below. It should be noted that with strong verbs, the form which gives the first person is derived from the stem no. 1, and the others are derived from stem no. 5.

Table 38: Imperative, Jussive Paradigm 3

Gw'at (gw'atay)!	Let me drink!	قْوأَت (قْوأَتَي)!
Gw'aa! / Naan gw'ata?	Drink (M)! / What would you (M) like to drink?	قْوآ! / نان قْوأَته?
Gw'ii! / Naan gw'ati?	Drink (F)! / What would you (F) like to drink?	قْوإي! / نان قْوأَتے?
Bagw'iiyay!	Let him drink!	بَقْوإييَي!
Bagw'atiyay!	Let her drink!	بَقْوأَتِيَي!
Gw'aniiyay!	Let us drink!	قْوأَنٍييَي!
Gw'aana! / Naan gw'atna?	Eat (Pl)! / What would you (Pl) like to drink?	قْوآنه! / نان قْوأَتنه?
Bagw'iinay!	Let them drink!	بَقْوإينَي!

Weak Verbs

Ba'araatiin(ay)!	Let them ask, may they ask!	بَأَراتٍين (أي)!
Batamiin(ay)!	Let them eat, may they eat!	بَتَمٍين (أي)!
Bagw'iin(ay)!	Let them drink, may they drink!	بَقْوإين (أي)!

Strong Verbs

Diyat(ay)!	Let me say (sth.)!	دِيَت (أي)!
Ba'iyaad(ay)!	Let him say (sth.)!	بَإِياد (أي)!
Batiyaad(ay)!	Let her say (sth.)!	بَتِياد (أي)!
Niyaad(ay)!	Let us say (sth.)!	نِياد (أي)!
Ba'iyaadna(ay)!	Let them say (sth.)!	بَإِيادنه (أي)!

D'iyat(ay)!	Let me do (sth.)!	دإِيَت (أي)!
Ba'id'ay(ay)!	Let him do (sth.)!	بَإِدأَي (أي)!
Nid'ay(ay)!	Let us do (sth.)!	نِدأَي (أي)!
Ba'id'ana(ay)!	Let them do (sth.)!	بَإِدأَنه (أي)!

Ribat(ay)!	Let me refuse (sth.)!	رِبَت (أي)!
Ba'iirib(ay)!	Let him refuse (sth.)!	بَإيرِب (أي)!
Niirib(ay)!	Let us refuse (sth.)!	نٍيرِب (أي)!
Ba'iiribna(ay)!	Let them refuse (sth.)!	بَإيرِبنه (أي)!

Shibbat(ay)!	Let me look (at sth.)!	شِبَّت (أي)!
Ba'iishbib(ay)!	Let him look (at sth.)!	بَإيشبِب (أي)!
Niishbib(ay)!	Let us look (at sth.)!	نٍيشبِب (أي)!
Ba'iishbibna(ay)!	Let them look (at sth.)!	بَإيشبِبنه (أي)!

Miriyat(ay)!	Let me find (sth.)!	مِرِيَت (أي)!
Ba'imaar(ay)!	Let him find (sth.)!	بَإِمار (أي)!
Nimaar(ay)!	Let us find (sth.)!	نِمار (أي)!
Ba'imaarna(ay)!	Let them find (sth.)!	بَإِمارنه (أي)!

Hariwat(ay)!	Let me look for (sth.)!	هَرِوَت (أي)!
Ba'ihiriw(ay)!	Let him look for (sth.)!	بَإِهِرِو (أي)!
Nihiriw(ay)!	Let us look for (sth.)!	نِهِرِو (أي)!
Ba'ihiriwna(ay)!	Let them look for (sth.)!	بَإِهِرِونه (أي)!

Nawat(ay)!	Let me fail (sth.)!	نَوَت (أي)!
Ba'iitnaw(ay) / ba'iinaw(ay)!	Let him fail (sth.)!	بَإيتنَو (أي) / بَإينَو (أي)!
Niitnaw(ay) / niiwaw(ay)!	Let us fail (sth.)!	نٍيتنَو (أي) / نٍيوَو (أي)!
Ba'iitnawna(ay) / ba'iinawa(ay)!	Let them fail (sth.)!	بَإيتنَونه (أي) / بَإينَوه (أي)!

Bayat(ay)!	Let me go (there)!	بَيَت (أي)!
Ba'iibaay(ay)!	Let him go (there)!	بَإيباي (أي)!
Niibaay(ay)!	Let us go (there)!	نٍيباي (أي)!
Ba'iibaayna(ay)!	Let them go (there)!	بَإيباينه (أي)!

Fiyakat(ay)!	Let me carry (sth.)!	فِيَكَت (أي)!
Ba'itfiyak(ay)!	Let him carry (sth.)!	بَإِتفِيَك (أي)!
Nitfiyak(ay)!	Let us carry (sth.)!	نِتفِيَك (أي)!
Ba'itfiyakna(ay)!	Let them carry (sth.)!	بَإِتفِيَكنه (أي)!

Fir'at(ay)!	Let me get (sth.)out!	فِرأَت (أي)!
Ba'itfir'ay(ay)!	Let him get (sth.)out!	بَإِتفِرأَي (أي)!
Nitfir'a (nitfir'ayay)!	Let us get (sth.)out!	نِتفِرأه (نِتفِرأَيَي)!
Ba'itfir'ayna (ay)!	Let them get (sth.)out!	بَإِتفِرأَينه (أي)!

More Examples:
Baadiif(ay)!	Let me not go away!	بادٍيف (أي)!
Oosuug niibaay!	Let us go to the market!	ۆسٌوق نٍيباي!

Table 39: 'want to' Paradigm

Ani yam dehookna ha'aat karan.	I don't want to bring (for) you (Pl) water.	أنے يَم دهۆكنه هَآت كَرَن.
Naanhooy yam dehoon ha'aat kareetaa?	Why don't you (M) want to bring us water?	نانهۆي يَم دهۆن هَآت كَرێتا?
Naanhooy yam dehoon ha'aat kareetaayi?	Why don't you (F) want to bring us water?	نانهۆي يَم دهۆن هَآت كَرێتايے?
Naanhooy yam dehoon ha'aat kareeyiya?	Why doesn't he want to bring us water?	نانهۆي يَم دهۆن هَآت كَرێيِيه?
Naanhooy yam dehoon ha'aat kareetaa?	Why doesn't she want to bring us water?	نانهۆي يَم دهۆن هَآت كَرێتا?
Naanhooy yam dehoon ha'aat kareetaana?	Why don't you (Pl) want to bring us water?	هِنِن يَم دهۆكنه هَآت كَرێنه.
Naanhooy yam dehoon ha'aat kareeyiyaan?	Why don't they want to bring us water?	نانهۆي يَم دهۆن هَآت كَرێتانه?

Strong Verbs

Ramtooya?	Do you (M) want to accompany me?	رَمتۆيه?
Ramtooyi?	Do you (F) want to accompany me?	رَمتۆيے?
Ramtoona?	Do you (Pl) want to accompany me?	رَمتۆنه?
Awooh, ramtook.	Yes, let me accompany you (Sg).	أوۆه, رَمتۆك.
Laa laa, ramtook karan.	No no, I don't want to accompany you (Sg).	لا لا, رَمتۆك كَرَن.
Laa laa, ramtook kareena.	No no, we don't want to accompany you (Sg).	لا لا, رَمتۆك كَرێنه.

Weak Verbs

Gw'aseetooya!	Please give (M) me to drink!	قْوأَسێتۆيه!
Gw'aseetooyi!	Please give (F) me to drink!	قْوأَسێتۆيے!
Gw'aseetoona!	Please give (Pl) me to drink!	قْوأَسێتۆنه!
Awooh, gw'aseetook.	Yes, let me give you (Sg) to drink.	أوۆه, قْوأَسێتۆك.
Laa laa, gw'aseetook karan.	No no, I don't want to give you (Sg) to drink.	لا لا, قْوأَسێتۆك كَرَن.
Laa laa, gw'aseetook kareena.	No no, we don't want to give you (Sg) to drink.	لا لا, قْوأَسێتۆك كَرێنه.

Evidentials

<440>

Evidentials show why the speaker considers his, her information reliable - or why not. In Beja, the evidentials are verbs - some of them with special evidential forms - and they are attached at the end of what one says like a seal.

<441>

Thus in Beja traditional narratives, every paragraph will be followed by the verb een 'they said', which marks the talk as traditional folklore. Literally, this verb should mean 'they said' - but it is used in the sense 'that is what people say (and I did not make it up myself)'. If someone really wants to say 'they said', then a different form of the same verb must be used, namely idiin 'they said'.

<442>

Other verbs provide various other kinds of evidence: hiisani 'I think so', kahiisan 'I don't think so', toona (winneet) akteen 'I know this matter (for sure)', or tan'i 'It seems'.

Verbs as Evidentials

Evidential: 'say'

Malik iifi, een.	There (once) was a king, they say.	مَلِك إيفے, ێ ن.
Takat tiifi, een.	There was a woman, they say.	تَكَت تٍيفے, ێ ن.
'Gw'ajiibu' idi, een.	'It is one-eyed' he said, they say.	'قْوأَجٍيبُ' إدے, ێ ن.

Evidential: 'announce'

Yhabaar isookinna.	They announced the news.	يِهَبار إسۆكِنّه.
Hargwiitiiwwa alhashi inhadneet eefiineet toona yhabaar yhadab been'i eeyaan isookin.	That some had remained from hunger and drought, a group which came from there announced the news (Lit the thing).	هَرقْوٍيتٍيوّه ألهَشے إنهَدنێت ێفٍينێت تۆنه يِهَبار يِهَدَب بێنإِ ێيان إسۆكِن.

Evidential: 'think'

Tuhissa naa naatu? Ani kaakan, laakiin hissaab, hiisani.	What is the lesson? I don't know, but it is maths, I think.	تُهِسّه نا ناتُ?أنے كاكَن, لاكٍين هِسّاب, هٍيسَنے.
Amsi nagaarooh, hiisani.	Today it is the second day (Lit its second day), I think.	أمسے نَقارۆه, هٍيسَنے.
Uunbaruuh mumkin ugawi kwalaal hiisiyaan.	Maybe they thought it to be the fence of the house.	أُونبَرٌوه مُمكِن أُقَوے كْوَلال هٍيسِيان.

Evidential: 'don't think'

Nafir ikatiyeet toona kahiisan.	I don't think it is tasty.	نَفِر إكَتِيێت تۆنه كَهٍيسَن.
Gaayiib ikatiyeet toona kahiisan.	I don't think it is fresh.	قايٍيب إكَتِيێت تۆنه كَهٍيسَن.
Sh'iyaab ikatiyeet toona kahiisan.	I don't think it is old.	شإِياب إكَتِيێت تۆنه كَهٍيسَن.
Hamiib ikatiyeet toona kahiisan.	I don't think it is bitter, sour.	هَمٍيب إكَتِيێت تۆنه كَهٍيسَن.
Aliyaab ikatiyeet toona kahiisan.	I don't think it is expensive.	ألِياب إكَتِيێت تۆنه كَهٍيسَن.

Evidential: 'know'

Amaag na yaksaawa, aaw ikteen?	You bring something bad, who knows?	أماق نه يَكساوه, آو إِكتێن?
Nafir ikatiyeet toona akteen.	I know that it is tasty.	نَفِر إكَتِيێت تۆنه أكتێن.
Gaayiib ikatiyeet toona akteen.	I know that it is fresh.	قايٍيب إكَتِيێت تۆنه أكتێن.
Sh'iyaab ikatiyeet toona akteen.	I know that it is old.	شإِياب إكَتِيێت تۆنه أكتێن.
Hamiib ikatiyeet toona akteen.	I know that it is bitter, sour.	هَمٍيب إكَتِيێت تۆنه أكتێن.
Alyaab ikatiyeet toona akteen.	I know that it is expensive.	ألياب إكَتِيێت تۆنه أكتێن.

Evidential: 'seem'

Tu'angwa tubaraar tan'i.	It seems (like) a mat spread out.	تُأَنقْوه تُبَرار تَنإِ.
Ubaaba it'i.	He was (Lit it seemed to be) like the father.	أُبابه إتإِ.

Adverbs as Evidentials

<443>

Adverbial forms of evidentials are borrowed from Arabic: mumkin 'possibly, maybe', laazim 'necessarily'.

'Maybe'

Mumkin baruuk beentooy kitehaya.	Maybe you are not there.	مُمكِن بَرٌوك بێنتۆي كِتهَيه.
Mumkin amaag na yaksaawa.	Maybe you cause (Lit raise up) something bad.	مُمكِن أماق نه يَكساوه.
Batuuh mumkin oorba oowin naayiit tikati.	Maybe she is from the high mountain.	بَتٌوه مُمكِن ۆربه ۆوِن نايٍيت تِكَتے.

'Certainly'

Laazim gaana ibari!	He certainly has something!	لازِم قانه إبَرے!
Shikamti ukinaayiida laazim mhallagaab farri'a!	You (M) certainly pay some money (even) for the scent itself!	شِكَمتے أُكِنايٍيده لازِم مهَلَّقاب فَرِّأه!

Conversation 20: 'The Threefold Gift' (Examples of Evidentials)

#1
Tak iifi een.	Tak ZERO-iifi Zero-ee-n
There was a man, they say.	man PastSg3MPf-be PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#2
Suurkinaayiihooda eeyaayit,	Suurkinaa-yii-hoo-da ee-yaa-yit
He came to the leader, and	leader-CasGen-PossSg3-AdvGen+for come-PerfSg3M-Con+then
#3
suurkinaayiihooda yakiyaayit,	suurkinaa-yii-hoo-da yak-iyaa-yit
he started to go to (Lit he started to) the leader, and	leader-CasGen-PossSg3-AdvGen+for arise-PerfSg3M-Con+then
#4
"Oonbarooh naat isuugim andi."	Oon-barooh naat i-suugim a-ndi
"I will puzzle him with something."	NearSgMObjPf-Pl3MSgMObj thing PerfSg3MPf-bother ImpfSg1Pf-say
#5
diyiit,	diy-i-it
he said, and	say-PtcpPast-Con+then
#6
dehaay yakiini een.	dehaay yak-iini Zero-ee-n
he goes to him (Lit he starts to him), they say.	toward arise-ImpfSg3M PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#7
Dehaay yakiyaayit,	Dehaay yak-iyaa-yit
He went to him (Lit started to him), and	toward arise-PerfSg3M-Con+then
#8
ibayit,	i-bay-it
went to him, and	PerfSg3MPf-go.to-Con+then
#9
isiganifnit,	i-siganif-n-it
they let (his camel) kneel, and	PerfPl3Pf-let.kneel-PerfPl3-Con+then
#10
daayiib dabaaysalaamiyaaneet tumidda	daayiib dabaaysalaam-iyaan-eet tu-midda
they welcomed him well, at that time (he said)	good greet-PerfPl3-Wh ArtSgF-time
#11
"Uun'ani mhayt naateeh harawaay	Uun-'ani mhayt naat-eeh harawaay
"I here, since I am in need of three things	NearSgMSubjPf-Sg1 three thing-PossSg3 need
#12
dehook yakaabu."	dehook yak-aab-u
I have come to you."	toSg2M arise-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#13
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#14
"Dehook tiilaleeyaabu."	Dehook tiilaleeyaab-u
"I am in need of them from you."	toSg2M needy-IdSg13M
#15
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#16
"Ari diwaabayit,	Ar-i diw-aab-a-yit
"My children, since they are hungry (Lit sleep, an idiom for staying hungry),	children-CasGen sleep-PtcpPast-IdPl13M-Con+then
#17
dangeet dehaay ananyiyeet	dangeet dehaay a-nanyi-yeet
a milking animal, to milk for them	milking.animal to ImpfSg1Pf-milk.an.animal-WH
#18
hook aharriiw.	hook a-harriiw
I want from you."	Sg2 ImpfSg1Pf-want
#19
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#20
"Sinkaayiidaaywa aranbiyeenaatiida	Sinkaa-yii-daay-wa a-ranbi-yee-naat-ii-da
"For shouldering and loading also	animal.of.burden-CasGen-AdvGen+for-Con+and ImpfSg1Pf-load-WH-Thing-CasGen-AdvGen+for
#21
hook aharriiw.	hook a-harriiw
I want something from you.	Sg2 ImpfSg1Pf-want
#22
Weenaatiida harawaay y'aabu."	Weenaat-ii-da harawaay y'-aab-u
And needing another thing, I have come."	other.thing-CasGen-AdvGen+for need come-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#23
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#24
"Miyaay, areeh, hook hariweeh	Miyaay areeh hook hariw-eeh
"A gift, then, (it is) that I want from you	gift well.then from.Sg2 want-PtcpPres
#25
y'aabu."	y'-aab-u
I have come."	come-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#26
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#27
Usuurkina mirbeet iibiriyayt,	U-suurkina mirbeet Zero-iibiri-yayt
Since the leader had a milking camel	ArtSgM-leader riding.camel PastSg3MPf-have-Adv+because
#28
"Tuhuumaat haam'aana!"	Tu-huumaat haam'-aana
"Bring (Pl) the milking animal!"	ArtSgF-milking.camel bring-ImpvPl
#29
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#30
"Uunbatuuh huumaatuyit,	Uun-batuuh huumaat-u-yit
"This is a milking camel, thus ...	NearSgFSubjPf-Sg3F milking.camel-IdSg13F-Con+then
#31
y'areek niiya hiya!"	y-'ar-eek niiy-a hi-ya
milk it for your children and give them!"	ArtPlM-children-PossSg2 milk.an.animal-ImpvM give-ImpvM
#32
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#33
"Malyaab laamaatuyit,	Malyaab laam-aat-u-yit
"Also, it is a docile animal,	secondly docile.animal-IdSg13F-Con+then
#34
ribiya!"	ribi-ya
load it!"	load-ImpvM
#35
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3
#36
"Malyaab miyaay kwasat aha!"	Malyaab miyaay kwas-at ah-a
"Also, consider it a gift and take it!"	secondly gift create-Sub take-ImpvM
#37
idi een.	i-di Zero-ee-n
he said, they say.	PerfSg3MPf-say PerfPl3Pf-say-PerfPl3

<444>

١ تَك إيفے ێن. ٢سٌوركِنايٍيهۆده ێيايِت, ٣سٌوركِنايٍيهۆده يَكِيايِت, ٤ۆنبَرۆه نات إسٌوقِم أندے ٥ دِيٍيت, ٦دهاي يَكٍينے ێن. ٧دهاي يَكِيايِت, ٨ إِبَيِت, ٩ إِسِقَنِفنِت, ١٠ دايٍيب دَبايسَلامِيانێت تُمِدّه ١١ أُونأَنے مهَيت ناتێه هَرَواي ١٢ دهۆك يَكابُ. ١٣ إدے ێن. ١٤ دهۆك تٍيلَلێيابُ. ١٥ إدے ێن. ١٦ أرے دِوابَيِت, ١٧ دَنقێت دهاي أنَنيِيێت ١٨ هۆك أهَرٍّيو. ١٩ إدے ێن. ٢٠ سِنكايٍيدايوه أرَنبِيێناتٍيده ٢١ هۆك أهَرٍّيو. ٢٢ وێناتٍيده هَرَواي يآبُ ٢٣ إدے ێن. ٢٤ مِياي, أرێه, هۆك هَرِوێه ٢٥ يآبُ. ٢٦ إدے ێن. ٢٧ أُسٌوركِنه مِربێت إيبِرِيَيت, ٢٨ تُهٌومات هامآنه! ٢٩ إدے ێن. ٣٠ أُونبَتٌوه هٌوماتُيِت, ٣١ يِأَرێك نٍييه هِيه! ٣٢ إدے ێن. ٣٣ ' مَلياب لاماتُيِت, ٣٤ رِبِيه! ' ٣٥ إدے ێن. ٣٦ مَلياب مِياي كْوَسَت أهه! ' ٣٧ إدے ێن.

Clause Co-Ordination

<445>

Coordinate clauses can be chained together in various ways. The simplest way is to just let one statement follow the other. Usually this implies that one event just follows the other.

<446>

The table below displays the main kinds of coordination. They will be illustrated in different paradigms or conversations further below.

Table 40: Forms of Coordination

-	Statement 1, Statement 2	-
Tamiya, gw'iya.	He ate, he drank	تَمِيه, قْوإِيه.

-t	Imperative 1 'and' Imperative 2	- ت
Tamaat gw'ata!	Eat (M) and drink (M)!	تَمات قْوأَته!

-han hana	Question 1 'or' Question 2	- هَن هَنه
Tamtaahan hana gw'ataa?	Did you (M) eat or did you (M) drink?	تَمتاهَن هَنه قْوأَتا?

-it / -yit	Statement 1 'then' Statement 2	- إت /-يِت
Tamiyaayit gw'iya.	He ate and then he drank.	تَمِيايِت قْوإِيه.

laakiin	Statement 1 'but' Statement 2	لاكٍين
Tamiini, laakiin kagw'iya.	He eats, but he doesn't drink.	تَمێن, لاكٍين كَقْوإِيه.

Imperative Plus Imperative Coordinated

<447>

Imperatives can be chained together by -t ... -t 'and then ... and then'. This can be viewed as co-ordination or co-sub-ordination (see below). Unlike chains with -wa ... -wa 'and ... and', the last imperative does not take the -t suffix. (A reminder seems in order here: The imperative suffixes of weak verbs are long -aa -ii -aana, but those of strong verbs are short -a -i -na).

Gw'aat tamaa!	Drink (M) and eat (M)!	قْوآت تَما!
M'aat kitiba!	Come (M) and write (M)!	مآت كِتِبه!
Tamaat diwaa!	Eat (M) and sleep (M)!	تَمات دِوا!
Difat shuumaa!	Go (M) and enter (M)!	دِفَت شٌوما!
Maasiwat hadiidaa!	Listen (M) and talk (M)!	ماسِوَت هَدٍيدا!
Agriiyaat kitiba!	Read (M) and write (M)!	أقرٍييات كِتِبه!
Hasayat thawaa!	Be angry (M) and explode (M)!	هَسَيَت ٹَوا!
Udawilu s'iit oobuun dehooyu kalooyii!	Sit (F) near me and roast (F) the coffee for me!	أُدَوِلُ سإيت ۆبٌون دهۆيُ كَلۆيِي!
Anaa tu'ootu! Tihamooteek shigwidhiit daayiib fititi!	My girl! After having washed your hair, comb it nicely!	أنا تُؤۆتُ! تِهَمۆتێك شِقْوِڈٍيت دايٍيب فِتِتے!
Yhalaka shigwidhiit balamsii!	After you (F) have washed the clothes, dry them!	يِهَلَكه شِقْوِڈٍيت بَلَمسِي!
Wharru shigwidhiot tuyiintiib balamsii / biriri!	After you (F) wash the millet dry / spread (F) it in the sun!	وُهَرُّ شِقْوِڈِo??ت تُيٍينتٍيب بَلَمسِي / بِرِرے!
Lhayt haddiit hagitnat talafoon th'ana, toos'a mhayt!	Wait (Pl) till tomorrow and phone (Pl) at three!	لهَيت هَدٍّيت هَقِتنَت تَلَفۆن ٹأَنه, تۆسأه مهَيت!

Conditions implied in Co-Ordination

<448>

Conditions need not always be expressed as such, because they may be obvious from the contents of the clauses.

Toos'a maloot tikayi, b'ara!	It (F) is 2 o'clock, wake (M) up!	تۆسأه مَلۆت تِكَيے, بأَره!
Amsi iibaabnay, mara!	Today we travel, be (M) ready!	أمسے إيبابنَي, مَره!
Ani miskiintu, mhallagaab hiyaheeb!	I (F) am poor, give (M) me money!	أنے مِسكٍينتُ, مهَلَّقاب هِيَهێب!

Clause Co-Sub-Ordination

<449>

Clauses may be coordinated with each other by the suffix -it 'then'. But the final clause of such a chain closes the paragraph, and it cannot have the suffix -it 'then'. The final clause must be considered the main clause of the paragraph, and it tends to convey some conclusive meaning.

Pattern of Co-Subordination

-t -t idi.	X-then, Y-then, ... he -ed.

W'ayi y'abkit,	He took (him) by the hand - and then	وُأَيے يأَبكِت ,
hireersamiyayit,	he walked with him - and then	هِرێرسَمِيَيِت ,
"Oon'umii'at shibiba!" idi.	"Look at this trace!" he said.	"ۆنءُمٍيأَت شِبِبه!" إدے.

Ubarkina gwida hissaab ihasibit,	The desert man thought much - and then	أُبَركِنه قْوِده هِسّاب إهَسِبِت ,
w'aakhariib yakiyaayit,	finally he stood up - and then	وُآخَرٍيب يَكِيايِت ,
"Ani weena araatihook andi." idi.	"I will ask you something else." he said.	"أنے وێنه أراتِهۆك أندے" إدے.

Conversation 21: 'At School' (Examples of Coordinated Clauses)

#1
Naaka talaba tibariina?	naaka talaba ti-bari-ina
How many students do you (Pl) have?	how.many student PerfPl2Pf-have-PerfPl2
#2
Igwidaaka, arahan, arita / aritta?	i-gwidaa-ka ar-a-han arit-a
The ones who are more, are they boys or girls?	ArtPlM-much-than boy-IdPl13M-also girl-IdPl13F
#3
Tumadrasaatiiyookna ti'arit naakaata?	tu-madrasaat-ii-yookna t-'arit naakaat-a
In your (Pl) school, how many are the girls?	ArtSgF-school-CasGen-PossPl2 ArtPlF-girl how.manyF-IdPl13F
#4
Y'ar naakaab ikatiin?	y-'ar naakaab i-kati-in
The boys, how many are they?	ArtPlM-children how.manyM ImpfPl3Pf-be-ImpfPl3
#5
Y'ar gwuudeenhan, hana ti'arit?	y-'ar gwuud-een-han hana t-'arit
Are there more boys or girls? (Lit Are the boys many, or the girls?)	ArtPlM-children be.many-ImpfPl3-also or ArtPlF-girl
#6
Yhadaariib ti'aritehina ka'agriisiyaan, sidiikuhan haraabu?	yi-hadaariib t-'arit-ehina ka-'agriis-iyaan sidiik-u-han haraab-u
The Hidaarab [27], their girls don't study, correct (Lit is it right or wrong)?	ArtPlM-Hidaarab ArtPlF-girl-PossPl3 NegImpfPl3Pf-teach-NegImpfPl3 true-IdSg13M-also wrong-IdSg13M
#7
Bareehoonaada, tuktaaba hankwiirhan, hana tugraaya?	bareehoonaa-da tu-ktaaba Zero-hankwiir-han hana tu-graaya
For them (M), is the writing difficult or the reading?	PossPl3M-AdvGen+for ArtSgF-writing ImpfSg3MPf-tie-also or ArtSgF-reading
#8
Bariiyooknaada, tuktaaba hankwiirhan, hana tugraaya?	bariiyooknaa-da tu-ktaaba Zero-hankwiir-han hana tu-graaya
For you (Pl), is the writing difficult or the reading?	PossPl2-AdvGen+for ArtSgF-writing ImpfSg3FPf-tie-also or ArtSgF-reading

<450>

١ ناكه تَلَبه تِبَرٍينه? ٢ إقْوِداكَ, أرَهَن, أرِته? ٣ تُمَدرَساتٍييۆكنه تِأَرِت ناكاته? ٤ يِأَر ناكاب إكَتٍين? ٥ يِأَر قْوٌودێنهَن, هَنه تِأَرِت? ٦يِهَدارٍيب تِأَرِتهِنه كَأَقرٍيسِيان, سِدٍيكُهَن هَرابُ?٧ بَرێهۆنادَ, تُكتابه هَنكْوٍيرهَن, هَنه تُقرايَ? ٨بَرٍييۆكنادَ, تُكتابه هَنكْوٍيرهَن, هَنه تُقرايه?

Clause Sub-Ordination

<451>

In the previous sections it was shown how nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. have their different places in a clause. In the following sections it will be shown how subordinate clauses may take the places of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.

<452>

So the subject noun may be replaced by a subordinate clause, e.g.:

'The runner arrives at sunrise.' > '[Who runs] arrives at sunrise.'

<453>

Or the temporal adverb may be replaced by a subordinate clause, e.g.:

'The runner arrives at sunrise.' > 'The runner arrives [when the sun rises].'

<454>

In this example, 'The runner arrives' is the main clause, and '[when the sun rises]' is the subordinate clause. The subordinate clauses have been put in brackets in order to distinguish them from the main clauses.

Relative Clauses

<455>

The most frequent kind of subordinate clauses is the relative clause. A relative clause modifies a noun just like adjectives would. This can be illustrated by a comparison of the following examples.

'A [racing] camel.' (adjective).
'A camel [which races].' (relative clause)

<456>

The difference between these two is that the relative clause uses a relative verb instead of an adjective. In the examples below, the parts inside the brackets, such as '[which races]' are relative clauses, and the parts outside the brackets are main clauses. The relative verb (e.g. 'races') may modify subject or object nouns [28]. So there are several possibilities which can be combined, and each of them has its own grammatical structure:

<457>

The relative verb may modify object nouns or subject nouns. These nouns may be the object or the subject of the main clause (O, S) or, on the other hand, they may be the object or subject of the relative clause ([O], [S]). Thus the verb may refer to objects and subjects in different ways - The following combinations are possible:

[O]O: The relative verb refers to the object of the main clause which also is the object of the relative clause
[O]S or S[O]: The relative verb refers to the subject of the main clause which is the object of the relative clause.
[S]O or O[S]: The relative verb refers to the object of the main clause which is the subject of the relative clause.
[S]S: The relative verb refers to the subject of the main clause which also is the subject of the relative clause.

<458>

In addition, there are the following options: The relative verb may precede or follow the noun, and the noun may be definite or indefinite. In actual fact, the verb usually precedes the noun, and the noun usually is definite. Not all of these patterns are frequent. The more common patterns will be listed first.

The Frequent Patterns

<459>

Object of the relative clause [O]O, [O]S

[Areeyani-yeeb] ookaam rhani.	[Which I like] the camel I see. [O]O	[أرێيَنے-يێب] ۆكام رهَنے.
[Areeyani-yeeb] uukaam ayiini.	[Which I like] the camel comes. [O]S	[أرێيَنے-يێب] أُوكام أيٍينے.

<460>

Subject of the relative clause [S]S, [S]O

[Dhaabiini - ] kaam eeyiini.	[Which races] a camel comes. [S]S	[ڈابٍينے-] كام ێيٍينے.
[Dhaabiini - ] kaam rhani.	[Which races] a camel I see. [S]O	[ڈابٍينے-] كام رهَنے.
Uukaam [u-dhaabiini - ] ayiini.	The camel [which races] comes. S[S]	أُوكام [أُ- ڈابٍينے-] أيٍينے.
Ookaam [u-dhaabiini-iib] rhani.	The camel [which races] I see. O[S]	ۆكام [أُ- ڈابٍينے-إيب] رهَنے.

The Infrequent Patterns

<461>

(1b) S[O], and the verb follows its noun

Uukaam [w-areeyani-yi] ayiini.

The camel [which I like] comes. S[O] (infrequent)

أُوكام [وُ-أرێيَنے-يے] أيٍينے.

<462>

(2b) O[S], and the verb follows its noun

Ookaam [u-dhaabiinii-b] rhani.

I see the camel [which races]. O[S] (infrequent)

ۆكام [أُ- ڈابٍينِي-ب] رهَنے.

<463>

Complications like these only arise if (a) the verb follows the noun to which it refers and at the same time (b) the noun has different functions in both clauses. Since this is the case in about 2% to 3% of the occurrences, it may therefore be ignored at this point.

Comparison with Adjective or Genitive Attributes

<464>

The relative verbs may be compared with adjectives or genitives, since all of them are used to modify nouns. The comparison shows that the use of the -b suffix and the definite articles are the same, but the suffix -ee '(Rel)' is not used.

Object:
[Dis] tak rhani.	[A small] man I saw.	[دِس] تَك رهَنے.
[Alii-b] w-hataay rhani.	[Ali's] horse I saw.	[ألِي-ب] وُ-هَتاي رهَنے.
Oo-tak [oodis] rhani.	The man [the-small] I saw.	ۆ- تَك [ۆدِس] رهَنے.
Subject:
[Dis] tak ayiini.	[A small] man came.	[دِس] تَك أيٍينے.
[Utaki] hataay ayiini.	[The man's] horse came.	[أُتَكے] هَتاي أيٍينے.
Uu-tak [uudis] ayiini.	The man [the-small] came.	أُو- تَك [أُودِس] أيٍينے.

Rules for Relative Verbs which Precede the Noun

<465>

The two rules here below refer to verbs which precede the noun that they modify.

Verbs preceding Relative Objects [O] take -eeb/-eet

<466>

In most cases (33%) the relative verb refers to an Object in the relative clauses, i.e. O[O] or S[O]. In these cases, the suffixes are -eeb for '(M)' and -eet for '(F)'.

<467>

An English illustration for the O[O] construction would be: 'Whom we like-eeb the leader, we follow (him)', and: 'Whom we like-eeb the leader, comes' for the S[O] construction.

<468>

In many cases (30%) the relative verb refers to an Object in the relative clauses which is the noun na 'thing (F)' with or without the definite article. In these case, the suffixes are -eet toona 'the thing (F) which' (definite) or -ee-na 'something (F) which' (indefinite).

<469>

An English illustration for the O[O] construction would be: 'Which we like-eet toona (the thing), we follow (it)', and: 'Which we like-eet toona (the thing), (it) comes' for the S[O] construction.

Verbs preceding Relative Subjects [S] take -Zero/-t

<470>

In many cases (15%) the relative verb refers to the Subjects of relative clauses, i.e. S[S] or O[S]. In these cases there are no suffixes, i.e. the suffixes are –Zero, except for the usual feminine suffix -t '(F)'.

<471>

An English illustration for the S[S] construction would be: 'Who comes-Zero the leader, he stays', and: 'Who comes-Zero the leader, we like (him)' for the O[S] construction. In the case of a feminine subject, an English illustration for the S[S] construction would be: 'Who comes-t the girl, (she) stays', and: 'Who comes-t the girl, we like (her)' for the S[O] construction.

Rules for Relative Verbs which follow the Noun (Infrequent)

<472>

The two rules given below refer to verbs which follow the noun that they modify.

Verbs following Relative Subjects O[S] take -i/-eet

<473>

In very few cases (2.0%) the relative verb follows the noun which is the Object of the main clause but the Subject of the relative clause, i.e. O[S]. In these cases the suffixes are -i for '(M)' and -eet for '(F)'.

<474>

In the case of a masculine subject, an English illustration for the O[S] construction would be: 'The leader who comes-i, we like (him)', and: 'The girl who comes-eet, we like (her)' in the case of a feminine subject.

Verbs following Relative Objects S[O] take -b/-t

<475>

In very few cases (0.5%) the relative verb follows a noun which is the Subject of the main clause but the Object of the relative clause, i.e. S[O]. In these cases the suffixes are -b for '(M)' and -t for '(F)'.

<476>

In the case of a masculine object, an English illustration for the S[O] construction would be: 'The leader whom we like-b, comes', and: 'The girl whom we like-t, comes' in the case of a feminine object.

Table 41: Relative Verb Suffixes

Rules:
Gender:	Affix:	Frequency:	Comments:
(M)	-eeb Noun	Frequent	The Verb refers to the S[O] or O[O] noun which follows it. Often the Verb refers to the (F) noun na 'thing' which follows it.
(F)	-eet Noun
(F)	-eet too-na
(F)	-ee-na
(M)	Noun -ee (ee > i/_#)	Infrequent	The Verb refers to the S[O] noun which precedes it.
(F)	Noun -eet	Infrequent	The Verb refers to the S[O] noun which precedes it.
(M)	-Zero Noun	Frequent	The Verb refers to the S[S] or O[S] noun which follows it.
(F)	-t Noun	Frequent	The Verb refers to the S[S] or O[S] noun which follows it.
(M)	Noun -b	Infrequent	The Verb refers to the O[S] noun which precedes it.
(F)	Noun -t	Infrequent	The Verb refers to the O[S] noun which precedes it.

<477>

Examples where the relative verb refers to the object of the main clause:

[Areeyan-eeb] oo-kaam rhan.

[Areeyan-eet] too-kaam rhan.

[Areeyan-eet] too-na rhan.

[Areeyan-ee] -na rhan.

[Which I like] the camel (M) I saw.

[Which I like] the camel (F) I saw.

[What I like] the thing (F) I saw.

[What I like] a thing I saw.

[أرێيَن-ێب] ۆ-كام رهَن.

[أرێيَن-ێت] تۆ-كام رهَن.

[أرێيَن-ێت] تۆ-نه رهَن.

[أرێيَن-ێ] -نه رهَن.

Oo-kaam [w-areeyan-eeb] rhan.

Too-kaam [t-areeyan-eet] rhan.

The camel (M) [which I like] I saw.

The camel (F) [which I like] I saw.

ۆكام [و-أرێيَن-ێب] رهَن.

تۆكام [ت-أرێيَن-ێت] رهَن.

[Dhaabiini-] kaam rhan.

[Dhaabtini-t] kaam rhan.

[Which runs] a camel (M) I saw.

[Which runs] a camel (F) I saw.

[ڈابٍينے-] كام رهَن.

[ڈابتِنے-ت] كام رهَن.

Infrequent

<478>

Examples where the relative verb refers to the subject of the main clause:

[Areeyani-yeeb] uu-kaam eeyiini.

[Areeyani-yeet] tuu-kaam eetini.

[Areeyani-yeet] tuu-na eetini.

[Areeyani-yee] -na eetini.

[Which I like] the camel (M) comes.

[Which I like] the camel (F) comes.

[What I like] the thing (F) comes.

[What I like] a thing comes.

[أرێيَنے-يێب] أُو-كام ێيٍينے.

[أرێيَنے-يێت] تۆ-كام ێتِنے.

[أرێيَنے-يێت] تۆ-نه ێتِنے.

[أرێيَنے-يێ] -نه ێتِنے.

Uukaam [w-areeyan-i] eeyiini.

Tuukaam [t-areeyan-eet] eetini.

The camel (M) [which I like] comes.

The camel (F) [which I like] comes.

أُوكام [و-أرێيَن-إ] ێيٍينے.

تٌوكام [ت-أرێيَن-ێت] ێتِنے.

[Dhaabiini-] kaam eeyiini.

[Dhaabtini-t] kaamt eetini.

[Which runs] a camel (M) comes.

[Which runs] a camel (F) comes.

[ڈابٍينے-] كام ێيٍينے.

[ڈابتِنے-ت] كامت ێتِنے.

Infrequent

Relative Verb refers to O[O]

Verb follows Noun

Oo-tak [u-salaaman-eeb] rhitaa?	The man [whom I greeted] did you (M) see him?	ۆ-تَك [أُ-سَلامَن-ێب] رهِتا?
Tu-takat [tu-salaaman-eet] rhitaa?	The woman [whom we greeted] did you (M) see her?	تُ-تَكَت [تُ-سَلامَن-ێت] رهِتا?
Baraah tu-jaziira ['B' eeyadn-eet] ibeen.	They went to the island [called 'B'].	بَراه تُ-جَزٍيره ['ب' ێيَدن-ێت] إبێن.
Oon-oobuun [tuhoorma tiigid-eeb] areenay.	We love the coffee [made by a respected lady].	أُون-أُوبٌون [تُهۆرمه تٍيقِد-ێت] أرێنَي.
Tu'oor [unajjaari itkwikw-eet] imiru.	He found the girl [which the carpenter had made].	تُؤۆر [أُنَجّارے إتكْوِكْو-ێت] إمِرُ.

Verb precedes Noun (infrequent)

[Iru duuran-eeb] ootak, oosmooh aab eeyadna?	[Whom I visited yesterday] the man, what do they call his name?	[إرُ دٌورَن-ێب] ۆتَك, ۆسمۆه آب ێيَدنه?
[Salaaman-eeb] uu-tak winu.	The man [whom I greeted] is tall.	[سَلامَن-ێب] أُو-تَك وِنُ.

Relative Verb refers to S[S]

Noun understood

[U-gw'iini-] barooh kiiki.	It is not he [who is drinking].	[أُ-قْوإينے-] بَرۆه كٍيكے.
[Tu-gw'atnii-t] batooh kitti.	It is not she [who is drinking].	[تُ-قْوأَتنِي-ت] بَتۆه كِتّے.
[Tu-dehaay tiki-] hadiidiyaan.	They told (them) [what happened to, with (sth.)].	[تُ-دهاي تِكے-] هَدٍيدِيان.
[Tu-tiki-] akan.	I knew [what happened].	[تُ-تِكے-] أكَن.

Verb follows Noun (infrequent)

Uu-tak [w-eeyiya-] winu.	The man [who (M) came] is tall.	أُو-تَك [وُ-ێيِيه-] وِنُ.
Tu-takat [tu-eetaa-t] wintu.	The woman [who (F) came] is tall.	تُ-تَكَت [تُ-ێتا-ت] وِنتُ.

Verb follows Indefinite Noun

[Mar mhiin eefi-] malik beena!	Go to a king [which is in such-and-such a place].	[مَر مهٍين ێفے-] مَلِك بێنه!
[Uhadhaayiida yaki-] takka whadha aameeh id'i.	This lion swallowed any man [who stood up against him].	[أُهَڈايٍيده يَكے-] تَكّه وهَڈه آمێه إدإِ.
[Iist'a-] tak rhiya.	He saw a man [sitting].	[إيستأه-] تَك رهِيه.
[Isgw'ad-] mhay da imiru.	He found three men [who watched].	[إسقْوأَد-] مهَي ده إمِرُ.
[Naat ikteen-] tak hiisiinihook.	He thinks you (are) a man [who knows something].	[نات إكتێن-] تَك هٍيسٍينِهۆك.
[Bahadiiday-] tak eefi.	There is a man [who doesn't talk].	[بَهَدٍيدَي-] تَك ێفے.
[Bahadiiday-t] takat teefi.	There is a woman [who doesn't talk].	[بَهَدٍيدَي-ت] تَكَت تێفے.

Relative Verb refers to 'thing'

The Noun is implied

<479>

In the following examples, the verb refers to a noun which is not made explicit. In the first example, for instance, the noun implied by the verb "I did" could have been made explicit by adding "the thing (I did)".

[Tu-daayan-i] itwi.	[What I did] he denied.	[تُ-دايَن-إ] إتوے.
[Tu-nimeer-i] whaaloon kahasamta.	[What we get] is not enough for our condition.	[تُ-نِمێر-إ] وهالۆن كَهَسَمته.
[Tu-bit'areeya-yi] dawilkaatooktu / dawiltooktu.	[What you don't love] is closest to you.	[تُ-بِتأَرێيه-يے] دَوِلكاتۆكتُ / دَوِلتۆكتُ.

Verb precedes the Definite Noun 'thing'

[Ragad gaal naayi iitir-eet] toona imii'atii nikan.	[That it was limping on one leg] we knew from the traces.	[رَقَد قال نايے إيتِر-ێت] تۆنه إمٍيأَتِي نِكَن.
Been'uginuufi [hamshukiini-yeet] toona rhitiniya?	Do you see [that it is breathing through (Lit from) the nose]?	بێنءُقِنٌوفے [هَمشُكٍينے-يێت] تۆنه رهِتِنِيه?
[Kak rhisi-yeet] toona igam.	He didn't know [how to show it].	[كَك رهِسے-يێت] تۆنه إقَم.
Laakiin [mhayt s'aati dabaay iikti-yeet] toona kak tikana?	But [that it was 3 hours ago], how do you know that?	لاكٍين [مهَيت سآتے دَباي إيكتے-يێت] تۆنه كَك تِكَنه?
Naatka w'aakhariib [ishbuub tindi-yeet] toona kana!	You can be sure (Lit know the thing) [that everything will be OK at last]!	ناتكه وآخَرٍيب [إشبٌوب تِندے-يێت] تۆنه كَنه!
[Suur sakiyaan-eet] toona oond'aabhan sakiya.	[What he had done before] he did now.	[سٌور سَكِيان-ێت] تۆنه ۆندآبهَن سَكِيه.
Umii'at [umhiinooh bihasamay-eet] toona akteen.	I know [that the shadow does not pass this place]	أُمٍيأَت [أُمهٍينۆه بِهَسَمَي-ێت] تۆنه أكتێن.
Uutak [tamnagwir ihiriw-eet] toona ikan.	The man understood [that he (the boy) wanted eleven].	أُوتَك [تَمنَقْوِر إهِرِو-ێت] تۆنه إكَن.
Areeh, uudehay kassa uun'ulhana [ti'aateeyooh yam hooy iid'i-yeet] toona iiktiinna.	So then, all the people knew the thing [that the milkman put water in his milk].	أرێه, أُو دهَي كَسّه أُونءُلهَنه [تِآتێيۆه يَم هۆي إيدإِ-يێت] تۆنه إيكتٍينّه.
Gaat [tuliiliitiiyu shuumti-yeet / shuumi tidiy-eet] toona arikwi.	I was afraid [one would go into my eye.]	قات [تُلٍيلٍيتٍييُ شٌومتے-يێت / شٌومے تِدِي-ێت] تۆنه أرِكْوے.
Umalik [ini-yeet] toona kastooh sooyiya-heeb.	He told me [all the emperor had said].	أُمَلِك [إنے-يێت] تۆنه كَستۆه سۆيِيه-هێب.
W'oor tutakat yhindi [tun'eetiib tid'i-yeet] toona rhiya.	The boy saw [that the women put wood in the fire].	وؤۆر تُتَكَت يِهِندے [تُنئێتٍيب تِدإِ-يێت] تۆنه رهِيه.
Baruuk [sidkiib tikati-yeet] toona akan.	I realize [that you are right].	بَرٌوك [سِدكٍيب تِكَتے-يێت] تۆنه أكَن.
Y'araah winneet areeyiin-eet] toona ikan.	He knew [that his children loved him very much].	يِأَراه وِنّێت أرێيٍين-ێت] تۆنه إكَن.
[Amas hook tu-marri-yeet] toona oomha haay mhasaa!	[What happens to you at midnight] do not bother about it (Lit let it rest) till the morning dawns!	[أمَس هۆك تُ-مَرّے-يێت] تۆنه ۆمهه هاي مهَسا!
[Uudehay eeyadn-eet] toona biimaasiiwi!	Don't listen to (the thing) [what the people say]!	[أُودهَي ێيَدن-ێت] تۆنه بٍيماسٍيوے!
[Imirn-eet] tuu-na kamhata.	[The thing they got] is not enough.	[إمِرن-ێت] تُو-نه كَمهَته.

Verb precedes the Indefinite Noun 'thing'

[Bak t'iit-ee] -na baad'iina!	Don't do a thing [which is similar to that]!	[بَك تإيت-ێ]-نه بادإينه!
[Saki-yee] -na igam	He didn't know [what to do].	[سَكے-يێ]-نه إقَم
[Tak t'iit-ee] -na tisiikw.	[Something like a man] followed.	[تَك تإيت-ێ]-نه تِسٍيكْو.
[Tunariitu giigistini] -na amiru.	I found [something which drives away my sleep].	[تُنَرٍيتُ قٍيقِستِنے]-نه أمِرُ.

Complications: S[O], Verb follows Noun

<480>

If the verb refers to the object of the relative clause and this noun is the subject of the main clause, the suffixes are -i for '(M)' and -eet for '(F)'.

S [O], Verb follows Noun

Uu-tak [ani adir-i] ashooyooyu.	The man [whom I killed] is my enemy.	أُو- تَك [أنے أدِر-إ] أشۆيۆيُ.
Uu-tak [u-salaamiyaan-i] sanooyu.	The man [whom they greeted] is my brother.	أُو- تَك [أُ- سَلامِيان-إ] سَنۆيُ.
Tu-oor [tu-rhina-neet] daawriitu.	The girl [which (F) we saw] is pretty.	تُ-ۆر [تُ-رهِنه-نێت] داورٍيتُ.
Tu-takat [baraakna salaamtaan-eet] naamhiinaanii eeta?	The woman [whom you (Pl) greeted] from where did she come?	تُ-تَكَت [بَراكنه سَلامتان-ێت] نامهٍينانِي ێته?

Complications: O[S], Verb follows Noun

<481>

If the verb follows a noun which is the object of the main clause but subject of the relative clause, the gender-marking suffixes -b for '(M)' and -t '(F)' get attached to the object.

O [S], Verb follows Noun

Oo-tak [w-eeyaa-b] rhita?	You (M) saw the man [who came]?	ۆ- تَك [وُ-ێيا-ب] رهِته?
Too-na [tu-tisb'ar-t] agam.	I didn't know the thing [which woke him up].	تۆ-نه [تُ-تِسبأَر-ت] أقَم.

Further Examples of Relative Clauses

Relative Verb refers to O[O]

O [O], Verb precedes Noun

[Salaaman-eeb] ootak rhitaa.

[Whom I greeted] the man, you (M) saw him

[سَلامَن-ێب] ۆتَك رهِتا.

O [O], Verb precedes Noun

Hummadiin [timmi areey-i] kaam iibiri.	Hummad Diin had a camel [which he liked very much].	هُمَّدٍين [تِمّے أرێي-إ] كام إيبِرے.
[Tushibuub bitimheelay-eeb] ootak, whaafu, gay giigiimaanaabu!	[From the man whom your goodness does not cure], stay away from him, my soul!	[تُشِبٌوب بِتِمهێلَي-ێب] ۆتَك, وهافُ, قَي قٍيقٍيمانابُ!

O [O], Verb follows Noun 1

Ootak [u-salaaman-eeb] rhitaa.	The man [whom I greeted] you (M) saw him.	ۆتَك [أُ- سَلامَن-ێب] رهِتا.
Ootak [w-ani rhan-eeb] rhitaa.	The man [whom I saw] you (M) saw him.	ۆتَك [وُ-أنے رهَن-ێب] رهِتا.
Ootak [ooktaab ahi-yeeb] timfaraada.	The man [whom I gave the book] you (M) talked to (him).	ۆتَك [ۆكتاب أهے-يێب] تِمفَراده.
Eenda [i-salaaman-eeb] rhitaa.	The men [whom I greeted] you saw them.	ێنده [إ- سَلامَن-ێب] رهِتا.
Eenda [yi-hinin nidirir-eeb] rhitaa.	The men [whom we served-dinner] you saw them.	ێنده [يے-هِنِن نِدِرِر-ێب] رهِتا.
Tutakat [tu-salaamnaan-eet] rhitaa.	The woman [whom we greeted] you (M) saw her.	تُتَكَت [تُ-سَلامنان-ێت] رهِتا.

O [O], Verb follows Noun 2

Oomhiin [w-iibi-yeeb] agam.	I did not recognize the place [I had gone to].	ۆمهٍين [و- إيبے-يێب] أقَم.
Oon'utakook [u-rhitini-yeeb] daayiib abiki!	Hold on to your husband [whom you see].	ۆنءُتَكۆك [أُ- رهِتِنے-يێب] دايٍيب أبِكے!
Y'awi [usikkaayi geediya-n-eeb] ihariw.	He looked for the stones [which he had thrown on the way].	يأَوے [أُسِكّايے قێدِيه-ن- ێب] إهَرِو.
Ugariimi [baruuk harriiw-eeb] kiiki, w'Allaayi hook eeshwiyeebu.	The enemy [whom you would select (Lit whom you want)] is not the one God gives you.	أُقَرٍيمے [بَرٌوك هَرٍّيو-ێب] كٍيكے, وأَلّايے هۆك ێشوِيێبُ.
Ani tujaziira [B. idiin-eet] daayiiwwa libaabi haash hiisan.	I had thought the island [which was called B.] was a peaceful and happy one.	أنے تُجَزٍيره [ب. إدٍين-ێت] دايٍيوّه لِبابے هاش هٍيسَن.
Kastooh tutluustu [tu-aktiin-eet] rhisan.	I showed all the funny tricks [I could think of].	كَستۆه تُتلٌوستُ [تُ-أكتٍين-ێت] رهِسَن.

O [O], Verb follows Temporal Noun

titamna-fadhig tiina [ti-hasamiyaan-t]	the 14 days [which have passed] (i.e. last week)	مَلۆت أسَرَمه تِتَمنه-فَڈِق تٍينه تے-هَسَمِيان-ت
ootrig [w-hasamiyaa-b]	the month (obj) [which has passed] (i.e. last month)	ۆترِق [وُ-هَسَمِيا-ب]
whawil [w-hasamiyaa-b]	the year (obj) [which has passed] (i.e. last year) (Ar)	وُهَوِل [وُ-هَسَمِيا-ب]
tumassi [tu-hasamtaa-t]	the year (obj) [which has passed] (i.e. last year)	تُمَسّے [تُ-هَسَمتا-ت]
maloot asarama titamna-fadhig tiina ti-y'een-t	the week (obj) [which comes] (i.e. next week)	مَلۆت أسَرَمه تِتَمنه-فَڈِق تٍينه تے-يِئێن-ت
ootrig [w-ayiinii-b]	the month (obj) [which comes] (i.e. next month)	ۆترِق [وُ-أيٍينِي-ب]
whawil [w-ayiinii-b]	the year (obj) [which comes] (i.e. next year) (Ar)	وُهَوِل [وُ-أيٍينِي-ب]
tumassi [tu-eetini-t]	the year (obj) [which comes] (i.e. next year)	تُمَسّے [تُ-ێتِنے-ت]

S [O], Verb precedes Noun

[Salaaman-eeb] uutak winu.	[Whom (M) I greeted] the man is tall.	[سَلامَن-ێب] أُوتَك وِنُ.
[Iru baraah salaamiyaan-eeb / duuriyaan-eeb] uutak sanooyu.	[Whom (M) they visited yesterday] the man is my brother.	[إرُ / أُره بَراه سَلامِيان-ێب / دٌورِيان-ێب] أُوتَك سَنۆيُ.
[Iru salaaman-eeb] uutak winu.	[Whom (M) I visited yesterday] the man is tall.	[إرُ / أُره سَلامَن-ێب] أُوتَك وِنُ.
[Iru duuran-eeb] ootak, oosmooh aab eeyadna?	[Whom (M) I visited yesterday] the man, what do they call his name? (More elegant phrasing than above)	[إرُ / أُره دٌورَن-ێب] ۆتَك, ۆ سمۆه آب ێيَدنه?

Relative Verb Refers to S[S]

S [S], The noun is implied: Paradigm Weak Verb

<482>

(Concerning this paradigm, see the explanatory note under Relative Verb refers to 'thing', above)

[U-geediya-] aneeb kiiki.	It is not I (M) [who threw (Rep)].	[أُ- قێدِيه-] أنێب كٍيكے.
[U-geediya-] barook kiiki.	It is not you (M) [who threw (Rep)].	[أُ- قێدِيه-] بَرۆك كٍيكے.
[U-geediya-] barooh kiiki.	It is not he [who threw (Rep)].	[أُ- قێدِيه-] بَرۆه كٍيكے.
[I-geediyaan-] hinin kiikeen.	It is not us [who threw (Rep)].	[إ- قێدِيان-] هِنِن كٍيكێن.
[I-geediyaan-] bareekna kiikeen.	It is not you (Pl) [who threw (Rep)].	[إ- قێدِيان-] بَرێكنه / بَرێك كٍيكێن.
[I-geediyaan-] bareeh kiikeen.	It is not them (M) [who threw (Rep)].	[إ- قێدِيان-] بَرێه كٍيكێن.

S [S], The noun is implied: Paradigm Strong Verb

[W-igid-] aneeb kiiki.	It is not I [who threw (sth.)].	[وُ-إقِد-] أنێب كٍيكے.
[W-igid-] barook kiiki.	It is not you (M) [who threw (sth.)].	[وُ-إقِد-] بَرۆك كٍيكے.
[W-igid-] barooh kiiki.	It is not he [who threw (sth.)].	[وُ-إقِد-] بَرۆه كٍيكے.
[Yi-igid-] hinin kiikeen.	It is not us [who threw (sth.)].	[يے-إقِد-] هِنِن كٍيكێن.
[Yi-igid-] bareekna kiikeen.	It is not you (Pl) [who threw (sth.)].	[يے-إقِد-] بَرێكنه كٍيكێن.
[Yi-igid-] bareeh kiikeen.	It is not them (M) [who threw (sth.)].	[يے-إقِد-] بَرێه كٍيكێن.

S [S], Verb follows Indefinite Noun

Mhay da [kitaab agriiyiin] iifiin.	There were three men [who were reading a book].	مهَي ده [كِتاب أقرٍييٍين] إيفٍين.
Balad gaal naayi saalhi tak [Allaayooh iriikw] iifi.	In one country there was a man, a devout man, [who feared God].	بَلَد قال نايے سالهے تَك [ألّايۆه إرٍيكْو] إيفے.
Jaa'ir malik [Allaayooh baarakwi] iifi.	There was a bad king [who does not fear his God].	جاإِر مَلِك [ألّايۆه بارَكْوے] إيفے.

S [S], Verb follows Definite Noun

Uu-tak [w-eeya, eeyiya] winu.	The man [who (M) came] is tall.	أُو- تَك [وُ-ێيه / ێيِيه] وِنُ.
Uu-tak [w-hadha idir] aneebu.	The man [who (M) killed the lion] is me.	أُو- تَك [وُ-هَڈه إدِر] أنێبُ.
Uu-tak [hadhaab idir] aneebu.	The man [who (M) killed a lion] is me.	أُو- تَك [هَڈاب إدِر] أنێبُ.
Tu-takat [tu-eetaa-t] wintu.	The woman [who (F) came] is tall.	تُ-تَكَت [تُ-ێتا-ت] وِنتُ.
Tu-takat [w-hadha tidir-t] aneebtu.	The woman [who (F) killed the lion] is me.	تُ-تَكَت [وُ-هَڈه تِدِر-ت] أنێبتُ.
Tu-takat [hadhaab tidir-t] aneebtu.	The woman [who (F) killed a lion] is me.	تُ-تَكَت [هَڈاب تِدِر-ت] أنێبتُ.
Tu-takat [bariiyooh oo-meek tigwhar-t] afraytu.	The woman [who (F) stole his donkey] is a bad one.	تُ-تَكَت [بَرٍييۆه ۆ-مێك تِقْوهَر-ت] أفرَيتُ.
Aa-nda [yi-eeyaan] wawina.	The men [who (Pl) came] are tall.	آ- نده [يے-ێيان] وَوِنه.
Aa-nda [yi-hinin nidir-i] ashooyeena.	The men [whom (Pl) we killed] are our enemies.	آ- نده [يے-هِنِن نِدِر-إ] أشۆيێنه.

S [S], Verb precedes Indefinite Noun

[Bahadiiday-] tak eefi.	There is a man [who doesn't talk].	[بَهَدٍيدَي-] تَك ێفے.
[Bahadiiday-t] takat teefi.	There is a woman [who doesn't talk].	[بَهَدٍيدَي-ت] تَكَت تێفے.
[Bahadiiday-] da eefeen.	There are people [who don't talk].	[بَهَدٍيدَي-] ده ێفێن.
[Naat baadii-(yay)] tak eefi.	There is a man [who doesn't say anything].	[نات بادِي-(يَي)] تَك ێفے.
[Naat baadii-(yay)t] takat teefi.	There is a woman [who doesn't say anything].	[نات بادِي-(يَي) ت] تَكَت تێفے.
[Naat baadiin-(ay)] da eefeen.	There are people [who don't say anything].	[نات بادٍين-(أي)] ده ێفێن.

S [S], Verb precedes Indefinite Noun

[W'ayiisooh baa-tam-ay] tak, kagabiya.	A man [who doesn't eat with his own hand] is not satisfied.	[وأَيٍيسۆه با-تَم-أي] تَك, كَقَبِيه.
Tu'ootu [bak t'iiti] tak kahadiidsamta.	My daughter doesn't talk with [such a man].	تُؤۆتُ [بَك تإيتے] تَك كَهَدٍيدسَمته.
[Oottu'ootu bhaliisamiini] tak kihay.	There is nobody [who makes my daughter talk].	[ۆتُّؤۆتُ بهَلٍيسَمٍينے] تَك كِهَي.
[Ayiini] hadhaayiika, [sanni-t] b'ashu hanyiis.	Better than a lion [which comes is a fox which waits].	[أيٍينے] هَڈايٍيكه, [سَنّے-ت] بأَشُ هَنيٍيس.

O [S], Verb precedes Indefinite Noun

[Naat baa-sakay] b'adhadha yakisiya.	He took the swords [which could do nothing].	[نات با-سَكَي] بأَڈَڈه يَكِسِيه.
Uun'uuleema [oon'ubharii tikwi] tak-ka kwidhi id'i!	This crocodile would let disappear any man [who moved at the sea]!	أُونُولێمه [ۆنءُبهَرِي تِكْوے] تَك-كه كْوِڈے إدإِ, تَوّالے!
[Mar mhiin eefi] malik beena!	Go to a king [who is in such and such a place]!	[مَر مهٍين ێفے] مَلِك بێنه!
[Oon'urabeeyooh dehaay isgw'ad] mhay da imiru.	[For watching these goods], he found three men.	[ۆنءُرَبێيۆه دهاي إسقْوأَد] مهَي ده إمِرُ.
[Uun'whadhaayiida yak-i] tak-ka whadha aameeh id'i.	Each man [who approached this lion], the lion would eat it.	[أُون وهَڈايٍيده يَك-إ] تَك-كه وهَڈه آمێه إدإِ.
[Naat ikteen] tak hiisiini-hook.	He assumes you are a man [who knows something] .	[نات إكتێن] تَك هٍيسٍينے-هۆك.
[Iist'a] tak rhiya.	He saw a man [sitting there],.	[إيستأه] تَك رهِيه.
[Tunariitu giigistini] na oond'aab amiru.	Now I found something [which makes my tiredness go away].	[تُنَرٍيتُ قٍيقِستِنے] نه ۆندآب أمِرُ.

Complications: S[O], Verb follows Definite Noun

<483>

Note that examples such as those given below are considered not elegant, if not awkward. The reason is that the verb follows - rather than precedes - the noun which it modifies.

S [O], Verb follows Noun

Uutak [u-salaaman-i] winu.	The man [whom (M) I greeted] is tall.	أُوتَك [أُ- سَلامَن-إ] وِنُ.
Uutak [ani w-adir-i] ashooyooyu.	The man [whom (M) I killed] is my enemy.	أُوتَك [أنے وُ-أدِر-إ] أشۆيۆيُ.
Uutak [w-iru ani salaaman-i] winu.	The man [whom (M) I greeted yesterday] is tall.	أُوتَك [وُ-إرُ أنے سَلامَن-إ] وِنُ.
Uutak [u-salaamiyaan-i] sanooyu.	The man [whom (M) they greeted] is my brother.	أُوتَك [أُ- سَلامِيان-إ] سَنۆيُ.
Uutak [iru duuran-i], oosmooh aab eeyadna?	The man [whom I visited yesterday] what do they call him (his name)?	أُوتَك [إرُ دٌورَن-إ], ۆ سمۆه آب ێيَدنه?
Aanda [i-salaaman-i] wawina.	The men [whom I greeted] are tall.	آنده [إ- سَلامَن-إ] وَوِنه.
Tutakat [tu-ani adir-eet] ashootootu.	The woman [whom (F) I killed] is my enemy.	تُتَكَت [تُ-أنے أدِر-ێت] أشۆتۆتُ.
Tutakat [tu-salaamnaan-eet] wintu.	The woman [whom (F) we greeted] is tall.	تُتَكَت [تُ-سَلامنان-ێت] وِنتُ.
Tu'oor [tu-rhinaan-eet] daawriitu.	The girl [which (F) we saw] is pretty.	تُؤۆر [تُ-رهِنان-ێت] داورٍيتُ.
Tutakat [baraakna salaamtaan-eet] naamhiinaanii eeta? [29]	The woman [whom (F) you (Pl) greeted] from where did she come?	تُتَكَت [بَراكنه سَلامتان-ێت] نامهٍينانِي ێته?
Taam'a [ti-baraakna tidirn-eet] shingiraat m'ata.	The women (F) [whom you (Pl) killed] are bad women.	تامأه [تے-بَراكنه تِدِرن-ێت] شِنقِرات مأَته.
Uun'uukaam [baruuk 'missaabu' tindi-yi] dhhaniibu.	The camel [which you say is dead] is alive.	أُونُوكام [بَرٌوك ' مِسّابُ ' تِندے-يے] ڈهَنٍيبُ.
Ootak [iru lingwuumna-ni] ba'iid'ur.	The man [whom we sent yesterday] should marry her.	ۆتَك [إرُ لِنقْوٌومنه-نے] بَإيدءُر.
Uunbatuuh [tu-tiibiri-yi] kastehootu.	[What you had] this is all.	أُونبَتٌوه [تُ-تٍيبِرے-يے] كَستهۆتُ.

Complications: O[S], Verb follows Definite Noun

O [S], Verb follows Noun

Ootak [umsajaliib hadiidiyaa-b] rhan.	I saw the man [who talked on the tape].	ۆتَك [أُمسَجَلٍيب هَدٍيدِيا-ب] رهَن.
Ootak [w-eeyaa-b ] rhita?	You (M) saw the man [who came]?	ۆتَك [وُ-ێيا -ب] رهِته?
Uusuug [u-duurna-yi ] sagiibuhan, sagiib kiiki?	Is the market [which we visited] far or not?	أُوسٌوق [أُ- دٌورنه-يے] سَقٍيبُهَن, سَقٍيب كٍيكے?
Naanhooy ootak [hineeda w-eeyiinee-b] geedteena?	Why did you (Pl) beat, throw (Rep) the man [who came for us]?	نانهۆي ۆتَك [هِنێده وُ-ێيٍينێ-ب] قێدتێنه?
Naanhooy ootak [hineeda ayiinii-b / eeyiinii-b] geedteena?	Why did you (Pl) beat, throw (Rep) the man [who came for us]?	نانهۆي ۆتَك [هِنێده أيٍينِي-ب/ ێيٍينِي-ب] قێدتێنه?
Tutakat [ti-eetaa-t] rhita.	You (M) saw the woman [who came].	تُتَكَت [تے-ێتا-ت] رهِته.
Tutakat [ti-eetaa-t] timfaraada.	You (M) talked to the woman [who came].	تُتَكَت [تے-ێتا-ت] تِمفَراده.
Eenda [yi-eeyaan-] rhita.	You (M) saw the men [who came].	ێنده [يے-ێيان-] رهِته.
Ooslif [u-sannii-yook] rama!	The custom [which awaits you], follow it!	ۆسلِف [أُ- سَنِّي-يۆك] رَمه!
Ootak [Allaayooh iriikwi] usaalhi ibeen.	They went to the devout man [who feared his God].	ۆتَك [ألّايۆه إرٍيكْوے] أُسالهے إبێن.
Teem'a [tum'ari tikwiyaa-t] araatiyaan.	They asked the women [who prepared the food].	تێمأه [تُمأَرے تِكْوِيا-ت] أراتِيان.
Toottunaasiibi [dehoon timmaraay-t] kak weertiit yakisnay?	This relationship [which we found], what can we do to get rid of it (Lit lift it from us)?	تۆتُّناسٍيبے [دهۆن تِمَّراي-ت] كَك وێرتٍيت يَكِسنَي?
Batuuh win hadhi [yhadhiyeeyoon maloob iiktiin] gaal door uyafiiyooh tid'i.	She would put a piece of bread [which is as big as two of our loaves] in her mouth at once.	بَتٌوه وِن هَڈے [يِهَڈِيێيۆن مَلۆب إيكتٍين] قال دۆر أُيَفٍييۆه تِدإِ.

Conversation 22: 'Who Do You Think I Am?' (Examples of Relative Clauses)

<484>

B: husband, A: wife

#1
B: Batuuk aneeb taajir hiistiniiheebhan?	batuuk aneeb taajir hiis-tinii-heeb-han
B: Do you think I am a merchant?	Sg2F ObjSg1 merchant think-ImpfSg2F-ObjSg1-also
#2
B: Ani miskiin taku.	ani miskiin tak-u
B: I am a poor man.	Sg1 poor man-IdSg13M
#3
B: Ushanhiiyu [tu-amarri-yi], batiiyook gwad tamani.	u-shanh-ii-yu tu a-marri yi batiiyook gwad tam-ani
B: What I get (find) from my work, I eat together with you (F).	ArtSgM-work-CasGen-PossSg1 ArtSgFRel ImpfSg1Pf-find ArtPlMRel PossSg2F with eat-ImpfSg1
#4
A: Whaalook akteen, laakiin uudehay:	w-haal-ook a-kteen laakiin uu-dehay
A: I know your way of life, but the people,	ArtSgM-condition-PossSg2 ImpfSg1Pf-know but ArtSgMSubj-people
#5
"Ukwoojaayiit takat, utaajiriit takat halak kitbaru (eeyadna),	u-kwoojaa-yiit takat u-taajir-iit takat halak kit-baru
(that they say) "The teacher's wife doesn't have a dress.	ArtSgM-teacher-CasGen woman ArtSgM-merchant-CasGen woman clothes NegImpfSg3FPf-have
#6
yhalakaayaah shatatamaaba" [eeyadneet] toona hanyiis?'	yi-halakaa-yaah shatatam-aab-a Zero-eeyad-n-eet too-na Zero-hanyiis
Her clothes are torn" - is that better?	ArtPlM-clothes-PossSg3 be.torn-PtcpPast-IdPl13M ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3-WH ArtSgFObj-thing ImpfSg3FPf-be.better
#7
B: Yaa takatay!	yaa takat-ay
B: Oh you woman!	helloSg2F woman-Vocat
#8
[Uudehay eeyadneet] toona biimaasiiwi!	uu-dehay Zero-eeyad-n-eet too-na bii-maasiiw-i
Don't listen to the people saying that!	ArtSgMSubj-people ImpfPl3Pf-say-ImpfPl3-WH ArtSgFObj-thing NegImpvFPf-hear-NegImpvF
#9
[Aakna naan ibariin] tikteeni?	aa-kna naan i-bari-in ti-kteen-i
They themselves, what do they have? Do you (F) know?	ArtPlMSubj-owner what PerfPl3Pf-have-PerfPl3 ImpfSg2FPf-know-ImpfSg2F
#10
[Tu-tameen-i] tikteeni?	tu tam-een ti-kteen-i
Do you know what they eat?	ArtSgFRel eat-ImpfPl3 ImpfSg2FPf-know-ImpfSg2F
#11
[Tu-gw'een-i] tikteeni?	tu gw'-een ti-kteen-i
Do you know what they drink?	ArtSgFRel drink-ImpfPl3 ImpfSg2FPf-know-ImpfSg2F
#12
[Tu-eetkwiin-i] tikteeni?	tu Zero-eetkwi-in ti-kteen-i
Do you know what they wear?	ArtSgFRel ImpfPl3Pf-wear-ImpfPl3 ImpfSg2FPf-know-ImpfSg2F
#13
Naat kiibaruun!	naat kii-baruu-n
They have nothing!	thing NegImpfPl3Pf-have-NegImpfPl3
#14
Baraah hineeka amagkaaba.'	baraah hin-ee-ka amag-kaab-a
They (M) are worse (off) than we.	Pl3M we-CasGen-than bad-than-IdPl13M

<485>

١ بَتٌوك أنێب تاجِر هٍيستِنٍيهێبهَن? ٢ أَنے مِسكٍين تَكُ. ٣ أُشَنهٍييُ, بَتٍييۆك قْوَد تَمَنے. ' ٤ ' وُهالۆك أكتێن, لاكٍين أُودهَي: ٥ ' أُكْوۆجايٍيت تَكَت, أُتاجِرٍيت تَكَت هَلَك كِتبَرُ, ٦يِهَلَكاياه شَتَتَمابه ' [ێيَدنێت] تۆنه هَنيٍيس? ' ٧ ' يا تَكَتَي! ٨[أُودهَي ێيَدنێت] تۆنه بٍيماسٍيوے! ٩[آكنه نان إبَرٍين] تِكتێنے? ١٠ [تُتَمێنے] تِكتێنے? ١١ [تُقْوئێنے] تِكتێنے? ١٢ [تُێتكْوٍينے] تِكتێنے? ١٣ نات كٍيبَرٌون! ١٤ بَراه هِنێكه أمَقكابه. '

Other Subordinate Clauses

<486>

There are other subordinate clauses such as conditional or temporal clauses. Normally these clauses come before the main clause. Different types of subordinate clauses will be presented in the examples below, including conditional, purpose, and temporal clauses.

Conditional Clauses

<487>

The suffix which indicates conditions is -eek / -yeek 'if'. As usual, the form -eek is found after consonants, and the form -yeek after vowels.

<488>

This suffix can be attached to different tenses without further complications. But if the person suffix ends in -a, the -a will be replaced by the -eek. This is indicated by asterisks (*) in the paradigm here below.

Table 42: Condition Paradigm

Indicative:			Condition:
abari	I have	أبَرے	iibri-yeek	if I had	إيبِرے-يێك
tibariya	you (M) have	تِبَرِيه	tiibri*-yeek	if you (M) had	تٍيبِرے*-يێك
tibarii, tibariyi	you (F) have	تِبَرِي	tiibrii-yeek	if you (F) had	تٍيبِرِي-يێك
ibari	he has	إبَرے	iibri-yeek	if he had	إيبِرے-يێك
nibari	we have	نِبَرے	niibri-yeek	if we had	نٍيبِرے-يێك
tibariina	you (Pl) have	تِبَرٍينه	tiibriin*-eek	if you (Pl) had	تٍيبِرٍين*-ێك
ibariin	they have	إبَرٍين	iibriin-eek	if they had	إيبِرٍين-ێك

Three Common Forms of Conditionals

<489>

There are different ways in which conditional clauses connect with main clauses. The three most common ones are listed here below. In English, these three types can be exemplified as follows: (First) 'If I do, you do', (Second) 'If I did, you would', and (third) 'If I would have, you would have'.

<490>

In the following examples, the conditional subordinate clause always precedes the main clause, and this is indicated by '>>'.

First Type: 'If I do, you do'

Weak verbs:
Tamaniyeek, >> baruuk tami tindiya.	If I eat, >> you (M) will eat.	تَمَنِيێك, >> بَرٌوك تَمے تِندِيه.
Tamtiniyeek, >> gabi tindiya.	If you eat, >> you (M) will be full.	تَمتِنِيێك, >> قَبے تِندِيه.
Shagaamtiniyeek, >> anjhi tindiya.	If you work, >> you will succeed.	شَقامتِنِيێك, >> أنجهے تِندِيه.
Strong verbs:
Ani tukwoosha anliiweek, >> baruukehan iiliw tindiya.	If I burn the garbage, >> you (M) will burn (sth.).	أنے تُكْوۆشه أنلٍيوێك, >> بَرٌوكهَن إيلِو تِندِيه.
Urabi danbiileek, >> idaag tindiya.	If you pile up the luggage, >> you will bring it back.	أُرَبے دَنبٍيلێك, >> إداق تِندِيه.
Urabi adanbiileek, >> iidbil tindiya.	If I gather the luggage, >> you (M) will gather (sth.).	أُرَبے أدَنبٍيلێك, >> إيدبِل تِندِيه.
Adangiyeek, >> idaag tindiya.	If I return (sth.), >> you (M) will return (sth.).	أدَنقِيێك, >> إداق تِندِيه.
Tukwoosha anliiweek, >> w'eega gwuudi indi.	If I burn the garbage, >> the smoke will increase.	تُكْوۆشه أنلٍيوێك, >> وئێقه قْوٌودے إندے.
Negative weak and strong verbs:
Tukwoosha baaliiweek, >> w'eega gwuudi kiidi.	If I don't burn (sth.), >> the smoke won't increase.	تُكْوۆشه بالٍيوێك, >> وئێقه قْوٌودے كٍيدے.
Baatamayeek, >> gabi kaadi.	If I don't eat >> I won't be full.	باتَمَيێك, >> قَبے كادے.

Second Type: 'If I did, you would'

Weak verbs:
Tamiyeek, >> baruuk tamtiya.	If I would eat, >> you (M) would eat.	تَمِيێك, >> بَرٌوك تَمتِيه.
Tamiyeek, >> gabi.	If I would eat, >> I would be full.	تَمِيێك, >> قَبے.
Shagaamtiyeek, >> anjhatiya.	If you would work, >> you would succeed.	شَقامتِيێك, >> أنجهَتِيه.
Strong verbs:
Ani tukwoosha iiliweek, >> baruukehan tiiliwa.	If I would burn the garbage, >> you (M) would burn (sth.).	أنے تُكْوۆشه إيلِوێك, >> بَرٌوكهَن تٍيلِوه.
Urabi tiidbileek, >> tidiiga.	If you would gather the luggage, >> you would bring it back.	أُرَبے تٍيدبِلێك, >> تِدٍيقه.
Urabi iidbileek, >> tiidbila.	If I would gather the luggage >> you (M) would gather (sth.).	أُرَبے إيدبِلێك, >> تٍيدبِله.
Idiigeek, >> tidiiga.	If I would return (sth.), >> you (M) will return (sth.).	إدٍيقێك, >> تِدٍيقه.
Tukwoosha iiliweek, >> w'eega gwuudi.	If I would burn the garbage, >> The smoke would increase.	تُكْوۆشه إيلِوێك, >> وئێقه قْوٌودے.
	Negative weak and strong verbs:
Tukwoosha baaliiweek, >> w'eega kagwuudiya.	If I would not burn (sth.), >> the smoke would not increase.	تُكْوۆشه بالٍيوێك, >> وئێقه كَقْوٌودِيه.
Baatamayeek, >> kagaban.	If I would not eat, >> I would not be full.	باتَمَيێك, >> كَقَبَن.

Third Type: 'If A would (not) have, B would (not) have'

Weak verbs:
Tamaab iiktiyeek, >> baruuk tami tiiyida.	If I would have eaten, >> you (M) would have eaten.	تَماب إيكتِيێك, >> بَرٌوك تَمے تٍييِده.
Tamaab iiktiyeek, >> gabi iiyid.	If he would have eaten, >> he would have been full.	تَماب إيكتِيێك, >> قَبے إييِد.
Tamaab tiiktiyeek, >> gabi tiiyida.	If you (M) would have eaten, >> you (M) would have been full.	تَماب تٍيكتِيێك, >> قَبے تٍييِده.
Shagaamaab tiiktiyeek, >> anjhi tiiyida.	If you would have worked, >> you would have succeeded.	شَقاماب تٍيكتِيێك, >> أنجهے تٍييِده.
Strong verbs:
Tukwoosha liwaab iiktiyeek, >> baruukehan iiliw tiiyida.	If I would have burned the garbage, >> you (M) also would have burned (sth.).	تُكْوۆشه لِواب إيكتِيێك, >> بَرٌوكهَن إيلِو تٍييِده.
Urabi diblaab tiiktiyeek, >> idaag tiiyida.	If you had gathered the luggage, >> you would have brought it back.	أُرَبے دِبلاب تٍيكتِيێك, >> إداق تٍييِده.
Urabi diblaab iiktiyeek, >> iidbil tiiyida.	If I would have gathered the luggage, >> you (M) would have gathered (sth.).	أُرَبے دِبلاب إيكتِيێك, >> إيدبِل تٍييِده.
Digiyaab iiktiyeek, >> idaag tiiyida.	If I would have returned (sth.), >> you (M) would have returned (sth.).	دِقِياب إيكتِيێك, >> إداق تٍييِده.
Tukwoosha liwaab iiktiyeek, >> w'eega gwuudi iiyid.	If I would have burned the garbage, >> the smoke would have increased.	تُكْوۆشه لِواب إيكتِيێك, >> وئێقه قْوٌودے إييِد.
Negative weak and strong verbs:
Tukwoosha liwaab baakaayeek, >> w'eega gwuudi kiidi.	If I would not have burned (sth.), >> the smoke would not have increased.	تُكْوۆشه لِواب باكايێك, >> وئێقه قْوٌودے كٍيدے.
Tamaab baakaayeek, >> gabi kaadi.	If I would not have eaten, >> I would not have been full.	تَماب باكايێك, >> قَبے كادے.

More Examples: Conditions Real and Irrealis

<491>

Some conditions are real, others just imagined and known not to be real, i.e. irrealis.

Imhallagaayeek tiniiwu, dehook adaag andi, idaag andi.	If you (M) give me your money(s), I will return it to, for you.	إمهَلَّقايێك تِنٍيوُ, دهۆك أداق أندے, إداق أندے.
Imhallagaayeek tiiyiyu, dehook idiig, adaag iiyid.	If you (M) would give me your money, I would return it to, for you (M)	إمهَلَّقايێك تٍييِيُ, دهۆك إدٍيق, أداق إييِد.
Imhallagaayeek hiyaayu tiiktiyeek, dehook idaag iiyid.	If you (M) would have given me your money, I would have returned it to, for you (M).	إمهَلَّقايێك هِيايُ تٍيكتِيێك, دهۆك إداق إييِد.

Rhitiniyu (NOT-yeek), sooyiheeb tindiya.	If you (M) see me, you will tell, inform (me).	رهِتِنِيُ, سۆيِهێب تِندِيه
Rhitiiyu (NOT-yeek), sootiyaheeb.	If you (M) would have seen (saw) me, you would have told me.	رهِتٍييُ, سۆتِيَهێب
Rhaayu tiiktiyeek, sooyiheeb tiiyida.	If you (M) had seen me, you had told me.	رهايُ تٍيكتِيێك, سۆيِهێب تٍييِده.

Ushanhook faayistiniyeek, y'ihook andi.	If you (M) finish your work, I will come to, for you.	أُشَنهۆك فايِستِنِيێك, يِإِهۆك أندے.
Ushanhook faayistiyeek, y'ihook.	If you (M) had finished your work, I would come to you.	أُشَنهۆك فايِستِيێك, يِإِهۆك.

Ani barook iiktiyeek, indhiwaayi iibi.	If I were you (M), I would go home (i.e. to my family).	أنے بَرۆك إيكتِيێك, إنڈِوايے إيبے
Baruuh aneeb rhaaheeb indiyeek, y'i andi.	If he wants to see me, (and not someone else), I will come.	بَرٌوه أنێب رهاهێب إندِيێك, يِإِ أندے
Tamna malooyeeh ayt tiniineek, naaka ingadiin?	If from 12 you take 5, how many remain (Pl)?	تَمنه مَلۆيێه أيت تِنٍينێك, ناكه إنقَدٍين?

Conditions

Sakanaab tibariyeek, sooyaahoon!	If you (M) have news, tell, inform (M) us!	سَكَناب تِبَرِيێك, سۆياهۆن!
Baruuk naat tibariyeek, hadiidaa!	If you (M) have something, speak (M)!	بَرٌوك نات تِبَرِيێك, هَدٍيدا!
Batuuk naat tibariiyeek, hadiidii!	If you (F) have something, speak (F)!	بَتٌوك نات تِبَرٍييێك, هَدٍيدِي!
Baraakna naat tibariineek, hadiidaana.	If you (Pl) have something, speak (Pl)!	بَراكنه نات تِبَرٍينێك, هَدٍيدانه.

Condition Irrealis 1

<492>

There are conditions which don't apply - they are called irrealis, since they are only thought but not real. For these, the Past Continuous (also called Pluperfect) is used, to express that the events are not real. This is similar to the use of past in English 'if I had'.

Baruuh hamashaay ikatiyeet toona ...	The fact that he is blind ... ,	بَرٌوه هَمَشاي إكَتِيێت تۆنه...
iiktiineek, baamooth'iyu.	if I had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	إيكتٍينێك, بامۆٹإِيُ.
tiiktiineek, baamooth'iyuwa.	if you (M) had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	تٍيكتٍينێك, بامۆٹإِيُوه.
tiiktiineek, baamooth'ituwi.	if you (F) had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	تٍيكتٍينێك, بامۆٹإِتُوے.
iiktiineek, baamooth'iyu.	if he had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	إيكتٍينێك, بامۆٹإِيُ.
tiiktiineek, baamooth'itu.	if she had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	تٍيكتٍينێك, بامۆٹإِتُ.
niiktiinneek, baamooth'iya.	if we had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	نٍيكتٍينّێك, بامۆٹإِيه.
tiiktiinneek, baamooth'iyaana.	if you (M Pl) had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	تٍيكتٍينّێك, بامۆٹإِيانه.
tiiktiinneek, baamooth'itaana.	if you (F Pl) had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	تٍيكتٍينّێك, بامۆٹإِتانه.
iiktiinneek, baamooth'iya.	if they (M) had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	إيكتٍينّێك, بامۆٹإِيه.
iiktiinneek, baamooth'iya.	if they (F) had known (sth.), I wouldn't have fought.	إيكتٍينّێك, بامۆٹإِيه.

<493>

In the following examples, more non-real (irrealis) and real conditions are presented.

Condition Irrealis 2

Bak iiwra tiiyidineet toona iiktiineek, baabookna sooyi.	If I had known the fact that you (M) wanted to do like that, I would have told your father.	بَك إيوره تٍييِدِنێت تۆنه إيكتٍينێك, بابۆكنه سۆيے.
Bak iiwra iiyideet toona tiiktiineek, baabu sootiya.	If you (M) had known the fact that he wanted to do like that, you (M) would have told my father.	بَك إيوره إييِدێت تۆنه تٍيكتٍينێك, بابُ سۆتِيه.
Shaawi shijaaraat gw'atiniyeek, baabook sooni neeyad.	If you (M) smoke a cigarette again, we will tell, inform your father.	شاوے شِجارات قْوأَتِنِيێك, بابۆك سۆنے نێيَد.

Condition Negative: Weak Verbs

Ushanhu baadaayayeek, mhallagaab iyaawheeb kiidi.	If I do not do my work, he won't give me money.	أُشَنهُ بادايَيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياوهێب كٍيدے.
Ushanhook biddaayayeek, mhallagaab iyaawhook kiidi.	If you (M) do not do your (M) work, he won't give you (M) money.	أُشَنهۆك بِدّايَيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياوهۆك كٍيدے.
Ushanhook biddaayayeek, mhallagaab iyaawhook kiidi.	If you (F) do not do your (F) work, he won't give you (F) money.	أُشَنهۆك بِدّايَيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياوهۆك كٍيدے.
Ushanhooh biidaayayeek, mhallagaab iyaaw kiidi.	If he does not do his work, he won't give him money.	أُشَنهۆه بٍيدايَيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياو كٍيدے.
Ushanhooh biddaayayeek, mhallagaab iyaaw kiidi.	If she does not do her work, he won't give her money.	أُشَنهۆه بِدّايَيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياو كٍيدے.
Ushanhoon bindaayayeek, mhallagaab iyaawhoon kiidi.	If we do not do our work, he won't give us money.	أُشَنهۆن بِندايَيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياوهۆن كٍيدے.
Ushanhookna biddaayayneek, mhallagaab iyaawhookna kiidi.	If you (Pl) do not do your (Pl) work, he won't give you (Pl) money.	أُشَنهۆكنه بِدّايَينێك, مهَلَّقاب إياوهۆكنه كٍيدے.
Ushanhooh biidaayayneek, mhallagaab iyaaw kiidi.	If they do not do their work, he won't give them money.	أُشَنهۆه بٍيدايَينێك, مهَلَّقاب إياو كٍيدے.

Condition Negative: Strong Verbs

Ushanhu baafaayisayeek, naat iyaawheeb kiidi.	If I do not finish my work, he won't give me anything.	أُشَنهُ بافايِسَيێك, نات إياوهێب كٍيدے.
Ushanhook bitfaayisayeek, naat iyaawhook kiidi.	If you (M) do not finish your (M) work, he won't give you (M) anything.	أُشَنهۆك بِتفايِسَيێك, نات إياوهۆك كٍيدے.
Ushanhook bitfaayisayeek, naat iyaawhook kiidi.	If you (F) do not finish your (F) work, he won't give you (F) anything.	أُشَنهۆك بِتفايِسَيێك, نات إياوهۆك كٍيدے.
Ushanhooh biifaayisayeek, naat iyaaw kiidi.	If he does not finish his work, he won't give him anything.	أُشَنهۆه بٍيفايِسَيێك, نات إياو كٍيدے.
Ushanhooh bitfaayisayeek, naat iyaaw kiidi.	If she does not finish her work, he won't give her anything.	أُشَنهۆه بِتفايِسَيێك, نات إياو كٍيدے.
Ushanhoon binfaayisayeek, naat iyaawhoon kiidi.	If we do not finish our work, he won't give us anything.	أُشَنهۆن بِنفايِسَيێك, نات إياوهۆن كٍيدے.
Ushanhookna bitfaayisayneek, naat iyaawhookna kiidi.	If you (Pl) do not finish your (Pl) work, he won't give you (Pl) anything.	أُشَنهۆكنه بِتفايِسَينێك, نات إياوهۆكنه كٍيدے.
Ushanhooh biifaayisayneek, naat iyaaw kiidi.	If they do not finish their work, he won't give them anything.	أُشَنهۆه بٍيفايِسَينێك, نات إياو كٍيدے.

Condition: More Examples

W'ayuuh dawilu, hangiiteek.	His arrival is close, if you wait.	وُأَيٌوه دَوِلُ, هَنقٍيتێك.
Agriitniyeek, anjhi tindiya.	If you study, you will have success.	أقرٍيتنِيێك, أنجهے تِندِيه.
Anjhatniyeek, mhallagaab iyaawhook andi.	If you have success, I'll give you money.	أنجهَتنِيێك, مهَلَّقاب إياوهۆك أندے.
Giiganiyeek, shaawi y'i kaadi.	If I go, I won't come again.	قٍيقَنِيێك, شاوے يِإِ كادے.
Maasiwaab iiktiyeek, y'ihookna iiyid.	If I had heard (Ptcp), I would have come to you.	ماسِواب إيكتِيێك, يِإِهۆكنه إييِد.
Rhaayookna iiktiyeek, dabaaysalaamihookna iiyid.	If I had seen you (Pl), I would have greeted you (Pl).	رهايۆكنه إيكتِيێك, دَبايسَلامِهۆكنه إييِد.
Barook iiktiyeek, indhiwaayi iibi.	If I were you (M), I would go home (to my family).	بَرۆك إيكتِيێك, إنڈِوايے إيبے.
Agwoordaat sagiit tikatiyeekehan, whireeriida fagaramaa!	Even if Aqordat (F) is far, be (M) strong for the journey.	أقْوۆردات سَقٍيت تِكَتِيێكهَن, وُهِرێرٍيده فَقَرَما!
Jarrabtiniyeek, dehook madaatu / teemadi.	If you (M) try, it (F) is easy for you (M).	جَرَّبتِنِيێك, دهۆك مَداتُ / تێمَدے.
Jarrabteeneek, dehookna madaatu / teemadi.	If you (Pl) try, it (F) is easy for you (Pl).	جَرَّبتێنێك, دهۆكنه مَداتُ / تێمَدے.

Condition: Paradigm 'see if'

Baadaayayeek shibibaheeb!	See (M) if I don't do it!	بادايَيێك شِبِبَهێب!
Biddaayayeek niishbib(hook)!	Let's see if you (M) don't do it!	بِدّايَيێك نٍيشبِب (هۆك)!
Biddaayayeek niishbib(hook) / shibibtook eenay!	Let's see if you (F) don't do it!	بِدّايَيێك نٍيشبِب (هۆك) / شِبِبتۆك ێنَي!
Biidaayayeek shibiba!	See (M) if he doesn't do it!	بٍيدايَيێك شِبِبه!
Biddaayayeek shibiba!	See (M) if she doesn't do it!	بِدّايَيێك شِبِبه!
Bindaayayeek shibiba(hoon)!	See (M) if we don't do it!	بِندايَيێك شِبِبه (هۆن)!
Biddaayayneek niishbib(hookna)!	Let's see if you (Pl) don't do it!	بِدّايَينێك نٍيشبِب (هۆكنه)!
Biidaayayneek shibiba!	See (M) if they don't do it!	بٍيدايَينێك شِبِبه!

Condition: Paradigm 'see if not'

Baatamayeek shibiba(heeb)!	See (M) if I don't eat!	باتَمَيێك شِبِبه (هێب)!
Bittamayeek niishbib(hook)!	Let's see if you (M) don't eat!	بِتَّمَيێك نٍيشبِب (هۆك)!
Bittamayeek niishbib(hook)!	Let's see if you (F) don't eat!	بِتَّمَيێك نٍيشبِب (هۆك)!
Biitamayeek shibiba!	See (M) if he doesn't eat!	بٍيتَمَيێك شِبِبه!
Bittamayeek shibiba!	See (M) if she doesn't eat!	بِتَّمَيێك شِبِبه!
Bintamayeek shibiba(hoon)!	See (M) if we don't eat!	بِنتَمَيێك شِبِبه (هۆن)!
Bittamayneek niishbib(hookna) / shibibtookna eenay!	Let's see if you (Pl) don't eat!	بِتَّمَينێك نٍيشبِب (هۆكنه) / شِبِبتۆكنه ێنَي!
Biitamayneek shibiba!	See (M) if they don't eat!	بٍيتَمَينێك شِبِبه!

Purpose Clauses

Interrogative Adverbs: Purpose

Naanhooy?	Why?	نانهۆي?
Naanaatii?	Why, what from?	ناناتِي?

Paradigm: 'In order that'

Rayhamani-kaabu.	In order that I may be satisfied.	رَيهَمَنے-كابُ.
Rayhamtini-kaawa.	In order that you (M) may be satisfied.	رَيهَمتِنے-كاوه.
Rayhamtini-kaatuwi.	In order that you (F) may be satisfied.	رَيهَمتِنے-كاتُوے.
Rayhamiini-kaabu.	In order that he may be satisfied.	رَيهَمٍينے-كابُ.
Rayhamtini-kaatu.	In order that she may be satisfied.	رَيهَمتِنے-كاتُ.
Rayhamnay-kaaba.	In order that we may be satisfied.	رَيهَمنَي-كابه.
Rayhamteena-kaabaana.	In order that you (M Pl) may be satisfied.	رَيهَمتێنه-كابانه.
Rayhamteena-kaataana / rayhamteen-kaataana.	In order that you (F Pl) may be satisfied.	رَيهَمتێنه-كاتانه / رَيهَمتێن-كاتانه.
Rayhameen-kaaba.	In order that they (M) may be satisfied.	رَيهَمێن-كابه.
Rayhameen-kaata.	In order that they (F) may be satisfied.	رَيهَمێن-كاته.

Temporal and Other Clauses

Interrogative Adverbs: Temporal

Naahoob?	When, what moment?	ناهۆب?
Naadoor?	When, what time?	نادۆر?
Naamha?	When, what day?	نامهه?

<494>

Before the suffix -hoob / -nhoob 'when', vowels may be deleted just as they would be deleted before -eek / -yeek 'if'. Note that this suffix has two alternative forms: After strong verbs it is -hoob, and after weak verbs it is -nhoob.

Temporal Suffix: 'when'

Halak dilbi tiniinhoob, tirig gaal haay kitihagiti?	When you buy a dress, doesn't it last (even) one month?	هَلَك دِلبے تِنٍينهۆب, تِرِق قال هاي كِتِهَقِتے?
Nimmarari door haddiit ahangiit.	I wait until the time we meet again.	نِمَّرَرے دۆر هَدٍّيت أهَنقٍيت.
Ushanhook faayistiniyeeb haddiit isaanhook andi.	Until you (M) finish your work, I will wait for you (M).	أُشَنهۆك فايِستِنِيێب هَدٍّيت إسانهۆك أندے.
Aharagwhoob, ab'ar.	When I was hungry, I woke up.	أهَرَقْوهۆب, أبأَر.
Ayiwayhoob, ab'ar.	When I was thirsty, I woke up.	أيِوَيهۆب, أبأَر.
Karan nidwilhoob, utambiiluun ikt'a.	When we came close to Keren, our car broke down	كَرَن نِدوِلهۆب, أُتَمبٍيلٌون إكتأه / أفرَيِيه.
Baruuk waliiktanhoob, ani tami.	When you (M) called, I was eating.	بَرٌوك وَلٍيكتَنهۆب, أنے تَمے.
Ugawooh shuumanhoob, Haamid tu'argin ihirid.	When I came to his house, Hamid was slaughtering the sheep.	أُقَوۆه شٌومَنهۆب, هامِد تُأَرقِن إهِرِد.

'When, if': More Examples

Baabu rhanihoob, asi angadi.	When I see my father, I stand up.	بابُ رهَنِهۆب, أسے أنقَدے.
Ustaaz eeyiinihoob, asi ningadi.	When a teacher comes, we stand up.	أُستاز ێيٍينِهۆب, أسے نِنقَدے.
Bitsh'asayu, iibdhan andi.	If you (M) don't remind me, I will forget.	بِتشأَسَيُ, إي بڈَن أندے.
Sh'astiniyu, iibdhan kaadi.	If you (F) remind me, I will not forget.	شأَستِنِيُ, إي بڈَن كادے.
Baraah faayisiyaaneek, araata andi.	If (when) they have finished, I want to ask (them).	بَراه فايِسِيانێك, أراته أندے.
Ibhaliiyeek faayistaayeek, gaana araatihook andi.	If (when) you (M) have finished your speech (Lit words), I will ask you something.	إبهَلٍييێك فايِستايێك, قانه أراتِهۆك أندے.

Conversation 23: 'Selling Things' (Examples of Conditional Clauses)

<495>

S: seller, B: buyer

#1
S: Oon'umsajal dilbi tiniina?	oon-'u-msajal dilbi ti-niin-a
S: Will you buy this recorder?	NearSgMObjPf-ArtSgM-recorder buying ImpfSg2MPf-take-ImpfSg2M
#2
B: Awooh, dilbi aniin.	awooh dilbi a-niin
B: Yes, I will buy it.	yes buying ImpfSg1Pf-take
#3
B: Naakaaba?	naakaab-a
B: How much is it (i.e. the price) (Lit are they)?	how.many-IdPl13M
#4
S: Malu sheeya.	malu shee-ya
S: Two hundred it is (Lit they are).	two hundred-IdPl13M
#5
B: Rhasaabu.	rhas-aab-u
B: That is cheap.	be.cheap-PtcpPast-IdSg13M
#6
Laakiin ani d'a gwadu mhallagaab kaabaru.	laakiin ani d'a gwad-u mhallagaab kaa-baru
But now I don't have the money with me.	but 1Sg now with-PossSg1 money NegImpfSg1Pf-have
#7
Lhayt baakaayt hangiiteek, hook dilbi ayaay andi.	lhayt baa-ka-ayt Zero-hangii-t-eek hook dilbi ayaay a-ndi
If you wait till after tomorrow, I will trade it.	tomorrow NegPtcpPf-be-NegPtcpF ImpfSg2MPf-wait-ImpfSg2M-Adv+if Sg2 trade take.FutSg ImpfSg1Pf-say
#8
S: Aaw iddamiinhook?	aaw i-ddamiin-hook
S: Who will guarantee for you?	who ImpfSg3MPf-guarantee-ObjSg2
#9
B: Yaa takay!	yaa tak-ay
B: Oh you man!	helloSg2M man-Vocat
#10
Baruuk biddamiinu, aaw iddamiinheeb?	baruuk biddamiinu aaw i-ddamiin-heeb
If you don't guarantee for me, who will guarantee for me?	Sg2M Neg-guarantee-ObjSg1 who ImpfSg3MPf-guarantee-ObjSg1
#11
Masi anii gwisir (haraab) rhaawa?	masi an-ii gwisir haraab rh-aa-wa
Have you ever heard (Lit seen) a lie from me?	yet 1Sg-Adv+off lie wrong see-PtcpPast-IdSg2M
#12
S: Bariisook gwisir eeneenaaka rhaab kaaki.	bariisook gwisir eeneenaaka rh-aab kaa-ki
S: I haven't seen any lie from you.	off.Sg2M lie any see-PtcpPast NegImpfSg1Pf-be
#13
Laakiin ani mhallagaayeeda shanahu!	laakiin ani mhallag-aa-yee-da shanah-u
But I need the money!	but 1Sg money-CasGen-Pl-AdvGen+for needy-IdSg13M
#14
Lhayt ooriitu simaaya abari.	lhayt oor-iit-u simaaya a-bari
Tomorrow I have a naming ceremony for my boy (child).	tomorrow boy-CasGen-PossSg1 naming.ceremony PerfSg1Pf-have
#15
B: Bak ikatiyeek, weer dehay shibiba!	bak i-kati-yeek weer dehay shibib-a
B: If that is so, look for other people!	so ImpfSg3MPf-be-Adv+if other people look-ImpvM
#16
S: Daayiib tidiya.	daayiib ti-di-ya
S: Well spoken.	good PerfSg2MPf-say-PerfSg2M

<496>

١ ۆنءُمسَجَل دِلبے تِنٍينه? ٢ أَوۆه, دِلبے أنٍين. ٣ناكابه? ٤ مَلُ شێيه. ٥رهَسابُ. ٦ لاكٍين أنے دأه قْوَدُ مهَلَّقاب كابَرُ. ٧ لهَيت باكايت هَنقٍيتێك, هۆك دِلبے أياي أندے. ٨ او إدَّمٍينهۆك? ٩ يا تَكَي! ١٠ بَرٌوك بِدَّمٍينُ, آو إِدَّمٍينهێب? ١١ مَسے أنِي قْوِسِر (هَراب) رهاوه? ١٢ بَرٍيسۆك قْوِسِر ێنێناكه رهاب كاكے. ١٣ لاكٍين أنے مهَلَّقايێده شَناهُ. ١٤ لهَيت ۆرٍيتُ سِمايه أبَرے. ١٥ بَك إكَتِيێك, وێر دهَي شِبِبه! ١٦ دايٍيب تِدِيه.

[15] In N.E. Africa, this is common for imperatives of 'take' and 'come'.

[16] The Hadendowa are the largest Beja subgroup.

[17] A mhuud is the quantity of grain which fills one shovel.

[18] A gwilha is the length of one ulna.

[19] The first two verbs glossed as 'put' are close synonyms.

[20] The naming of a child requires a special ceremony called simaayaat.

[21] In different areas, and for different kinds of teachers, different terms are being used. The term kwooja is used by very few speakers only.

[22] The two verbs glossed as 'to be tired' seem to be dialect variants.

[23] Note that wooh is used to call people who are far away or more distant than people close by, in which case yaa would be used.

[24] This seems to be a mild insult.

[25] In the English glosses, the objects ('it', 'her') will not always be translated even where they are clearly understood in the Beja original.

[26] This verb implies a destination, not just the movement itself.

[27] Hidaarab is the term used by Eritreans to refer to the Beja.

[28] Adverbs behave just like objects. The only difference is that a postposition may be added.

[29] This construction is considered awkward, because the verb 'to greet' follows the noun which it modifies.

Lizenz

Empfohlene Zitierweise ¶

Wedekind K, Wedekind C, Musa A (2008). Beja Pedagogical Grammar. Afrikanistik online, Vol. 2008. (urn:nbn:de:0009-10-12839)

Bitte geben Sie beim Zitieren dieses Artikels die exakte URL und das Datum Ihres letzten Besuchs bei dieser Online-Adresse an.

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Sektionen

Artikelaktionen

Verbs and Clauses

Verbal Predicates

Weak and Strong Verbs

Weak Verbs: Subject Suffixes

Verb Paradigms

Verbs Ending in Consonants

List of the most frequent Weak Verbs

Verbs Ending in Vowels 1

Negative Present Tense of 'to come'

Verbs Ending in Glottal Sounds

Present Tense of 'to see'

Verbs Ending in Vowels 2

Verbs Ending in Vowels 3

Negative Present Tense of 'to like' (short form)

Imperatives

Strong Verbs: Subject Prefixes

Person Affixes

Patterns of Strong Verbs and the Basic Stem

The Basic Stem and the Other Stems

Basic Stem (Number 1) and Negative Present

Basic Stem (Number 1) and Participle

Negative Imperative Stem (Number 2)

Present Singular and Plural Stems (Number 3 and 4)

Future Positive and Negative Stem (Number 5)

Past Continuous Stem (Number 6)

More Verb Forms

The Main Paradigms

Verbs like d'iya

Verbs like riba

Frequent verbs

Less frequent verbs

Verbs like shibiba

Frequent Verbs

Less Frequent Verbs

Infrequent Verbs

Frequent Verbs

Verbs like hariwa

Verbs similar to nawa

Verbs similar to fiyaka

Special Strong Verbs

'To Be, to Have': Pluperfect, Perfect used as Past, Present

Typical Transitive Verb Patterns

Typical Intransitive Verb Patterns

Patterns CiCaC- and CaC-

Intensive, Repeated, or Multiple Object Verbs

Pattern CaaCiC-

Special Verbs of High Frequency

Weak and Strong Verbs: Object Suffixes

Verbs with One Object

Object Suffixes

Table 31: Object Suffixes

Strong Verbs with their Objects, sorted alphabetically

Weak and Strong Verbs with Object Suffixes 2 (F)

Weak and Strong Verbs with Object Suffixes 3 (Pl)

Verbs Frequently Used with Object Suffixes

'Thank'

'Wash'

Verbs with Two Objects

'To Give' with Two Objects

'To Say' with Two Objects 1

'To Say' with Two Objects 2

'To Return' with Object and Adverb

Full Paradigm with Two Objects

'You (M) gave to ...'

'You (F) gave to ...'

'She gave to ...'

'We gave to ...'

'You (Pl) gave to ...'

'They gave to ...'

Derivations and Synonyms

Weak Verbs Grouped by Derivations

Causatives

Causative Verbs With Two Objects

Example 'Give (Lit cause) to Drink'

Social Verbs

Passives

'Be Rented': Past, Present

'Be Consumed': Past / Present